The Respiratory System

Question 1

How is the respiratory system organized structurally?

Answer 1

Upper and lower respiratory tract

Question 2

How is the respiratory system organized functionally?

Answer 2

Conduction (to and from lungs) and respiration (gas exchange)

Question 3

What are the 3 shelves of the internal nose?

Answer 3

• Superior nasal choncha
• Middle nasal concha
• Inferior nasal choncha

Question 4

What is the floor of the nasal cavity called?

Answer 4

Palate bone

Question 5

What is the anterior boundary of the nasal cavity?

Answer 5

Maxillary bone

Question 6

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 6

Air filled paired cavities in ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal and maxillary bones

Question 7

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

Answer 7

• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

Question 8

Describe the nasopharynx

Answer 8

• Back of nose area
• 2 internal nares
• 2 Eustachian tubes
• 1 oropharynx
• Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 9

Describe the oropharynx

Answer 9

• Back of mouth area

- Pharyngeal arch and uvula

Question 10

Describe the laryngopharynx

Answer 10

Entrance to trachea and esophagus

Question 11

What is the upper respiratory tract composed of?

Answer 11

• Nose + nasal cavity
• Paranasal sinuses
• Pharynx

Question 12

What are the functions of the pharynx?

Answer 12

• Passageway for food + air
• Sound resonation
• Tonsils

Question 13

What are the functions of the larynx?

Answer 13

• Production of sound
• Conduction of air to lower respiratory tract
• Protection from swallowed materials

Question 14

What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

Answer 14

• Thyroid cartilage
• Cricoid cartilage
• Epiglottis

Question 15

What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx?

Answer 15

• Arytenoid (hyaline)
• Corniculate (hyaline
• Cuneiform (elastic)

Question 16

How does the larynx produce voice?

Answer 16

Ligaments are flexible in the fibrous connective tissue of arytenoid cartilage

Question 17

What does the trachea split into?

Answer 17

2 main bronchi

Question 18

What is the trachea composed of?

Answer 18

• Mucosal layer
• Submucosa
• Hyaline cartilage

Question 19

What is the difference between the right and left bronchi?

Answer 19

• Right is shorter and wider

- Left is longer and thinner

Question 20

What is the bronchi composed of?

Answer 20

Cartilage and smooth muscle

Question 21

What is the carina?

Answer 21

The point where the trachea divides into primary bronchi

Question 22

What is the hilus of the lung?

Answer 22

Where blood vessels, lymphatic nerves & airways enter and leave lungs

Question 23

What do the primary bronchi branch into?

Answer 23

Secondary bronchi that supply each lobe of the lungs

Question 24

The left lung has _ lobes whereas the right lung has _ lobes

Answer 24

2, 3

Question 25

What do the secondary bronchi branch into?

Answer 25

Tertiary bronchi that supply each bronchopulmonary segment

Question 26

What do the tertiary bronchi branch into?

Answer 26

Bronchioles

Question 27

What do the bronchioles branch into?

Answer 27

Terminal bronchioles

Question 28

What do the terminal bronchioles branch into?

Answer 28

Respiratory bronchioles

Question 29

What do the respiratory bronchioles branch into?

Answer 29

Alveolar ducts

Question 30

What do the alveolar ducts end in?

Answer 30

Alveolar sacs made of alveoli

Question 31

What are the 2 types of alveoli cells?

Answer 31

Type I and type II

Question 32

Describe type I alveolar cells

Answer 32

Simple squamous where gas exchange occurs

Question 33

Describe type II alveolar cells

Answer 33

Secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant

Question 34

Describe respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 34

Premature babies lacking surfactant, causes alveoli to not inflate properly

Question 35

What is the function of alveolar macrophages

Answer 35

Ingest debris in alveoli

Question 36

What are the fissures dividing the lungs into lobes called?

Answer 36

Oblique and horizontal fissures

Question 37

What is the cardiac notch?

Answer 37

A space in the left lung for the heart

Question 38

Where is the base of the lung?

Answer 38

Bottom

Question 39

Where is the apex of the lung?

Answer 39

Top

Question 40

What are the 2 membranes of the pleura cavity from the outermost to innermost?

Answer 40

Parietal pleura, visceral pleura

Question 41

What is the space between the 2 membranes called and what can be found there?

Answer 41

Intrapleural space and fluid

Question 42

What are the 2 types of respiration?

Answer 42

External (lungs, tissue and blood) & internal (cellular)

Question 43

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 43

Movement of air into and out of respiratory tract

Question 44

What is Boyle's law?

Answer 44

P = 1/V

Question 45

Describe the action of respiratory muscles during inhalation

Answer 45

Diaphragm contracts and external intercostals contract

Question 46

Describe the action of respiratory muscles during inhalation

Answer 46

Diaphragm relaxes

Question 47

What are 3 factors affecting pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 47

- Pulmonary compliance - Airway resistance (obstructive) - Mobility of the thoracic cage (restrictive)

Question 48

The apneustic centre prevents ____________ neurons from being switched off.

Answer 48

inspiratory.

Question 49

What are the 2 types of peripheral chemoreceptors and where are they located?

Answer 49

Carotid bodies: located in carotid sinus. | Aortic bodies: located in aortic arch.

Question 50

What are 5 factors affecting ventilation unrelated to gas exchange?

Answer 50

1. Protective reflexes (coughing, sneezing, etc). 2. Inhaling noxious agents may cause you to stop breathing. 3. Pain anywhere in the body stimulates respiration by reflex. 4. Emotional states causing involuntary changes in breathing. 5. Swallowing causes respiratory centre inhibition.

Question 51

The ___________ centres are antagonists to the apneustic centre because:

Answer 51

pneumotaxic; they cause shorter inhalations (apneustic centre promotes long, deep inhalations).

Question 52

Which 3 higher-order brain structures regulate breathing?

Answer 52

Cerebral cortex. Limbic system. Hypothalamus.

Question 53

Which brain structure is responsible for basic respiratory control?

Answer 53

The medulla oblongata.

Question 54

Why is respiration so critical to maintaining our body's acid-base balance?

Answer 54

Gas exchange determines the concentration of acidic (H+) and basic (HCO3-) ions in our blood.

Question 55

When blood pH is below 7.4, it is considered:

Answer 55

acidosis.

Question 56

When blood pH is above 7.4, it is considered:

Answer 56

alkalosis.

Question 57

Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are determined by measuring:

Answer 57

pCO2.

Question 58

Metabolic acidosis & alkalosis are determined by measuring:

Answer 58

Concentration of HCO3-.