Ch 11 Flashcards by Alex prine

Helping behavior motivated purely
by the desire to relieve a victim’s suffering
and not by the anticipation of reward
◦ The helper may receive a reward, but the reward
was not the motive for the helping act

Altruism

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Behavior that benefits
others that is performed with the anticipation
of a reward

Helping behavior:

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Motivation behind a helping act may affect

the?

quality of the act

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Compassionate understanding of how the person in need feels
◦ Includes feelings of sympathy, pity, and sorrow
◦ Cognitive and emotional dimensions underlying
it
-is one motivator for altruistic behavior

Empathy:

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Operates when you think about how a person in need of help perceives the helping situation

Imagine-other perspective:

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Operates when you imagine how you would think and feel if you were in the victim’s situation

Imagine-self perspective:

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An explanation suggesting that the arousal of empathy leads to altruistic acts

Empathy–altruism hypothesis:

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Helping to relieve one’s own personal distress

rather than the suffering of the victim

Egoism:

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Egoistically motivated individuals should help more

if?

escape from the helping situation is difficult

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◦ Empathically motivated individuals should help?

regardless of the ease of escape

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-Empathy does not lead to helping if there is a?

-Empathetic people help even if?

threat to the “common good”

- wronged by another

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A hypothesis suggesting that helping occurs
because individuals are motivated to avoid
the guilt or shame brought about by failure to
help

Empathy—punishment hypothesis

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Why is pure altruism is a contradictory concept

◦ Often helper is hurt or dies
◦ Helper cannot pass genes on to next generation
Helping characteristic should die out

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Evolutionary biologist’s suggest that there are

no examples of?

-purely altruistic behavior in
nature
◦ Helping behavior believed to serve some selfish
purpose
◦ Helping behavior helps preserve the species rather
than the individual

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Helping behavior helped humans survive

through?

cooperation

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Weigh costs and benefits of helping and help if benefits outweigh costs
genetically selected for because it
helped the species survive

Reciprocal altruism:

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Help involving a commitment was extended over a period of time and requiring investment of effort and
resources

long-term helping

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Helping most likely in response to an emergency not
requiring a long-term investment of effort
and resources
◦ Example: Pushing a stalled van off or railroad tracks

Situation-specific helping:

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 Noticing the emergency
 Labeling the situation as an emergency
 Assuming responsibility to help
 Deciding what to do
 Implementing the decision to help

the five stages of emergency helping

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what happens at each step of emergency helping?

a decision is made
◦ “Yes” response go on to next step
◦ “No” response no help

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how do we label a situation as an emergency?

Correct labeling is related to two factors:
◦ Ambiguity of the situation-Increasing clarity increases correct labeling
◦ Presence of other bystanders- In a social situation we look around us to see what others are doing

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Helping behavior is less likely to occur as the number of witnesses to an emergency increases

Bystander effect:

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Reasons for bystander effect

Diffusion of responsibility

Pluralistic ignoranc

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Each bystander assumes
another person will take responsibility to help
- The best explanation for the bystander effect

Diffusion of responsibility

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Passive bystanders redefine the situation as a non-emergency -We rely on cues from bystanders more when the situation is ambiguous -Passive bystanders leads to a redefinition of the situation as a non-emergency

◦ Pluralistic ignorance

A relationship in which bystanders assume that the parties involved belong together in some way

Social category relationship

Levine 1999

U need to learn this

◦ Bystander effect does not hold when?

intervention is | required in a potentially dangerous situation

◦ Dangerous helping situation leads to?

reversal of bystander effect

1 Leadership role in group: | 2 Subordinate role in group:

1 Weaker bystander effect | 2 Stronger bystander effect

who is most likely to help?

Competent individuals are most likely to help

Being in a hurry raises the cost of helping except | Reduces helping when?:

Seminary students step over a victim | when in a hurry

``` ◦ Victim responsibility ◦ Urgency of the help ◦ Time required for help ◦ Diffusion of responsibility ◦ Discomfort involved in helping ◦ Victim’s deservingness ```

``` Six variables (listed in order of importance) affect decision to help ```

◦ Seeing others help increases helping ◦ Seeing others help leads to elevation a unique positive emotion (Schnall & Roper, 2012) which increases helping

Modeling effect

1 Good mood more likely to? 2 If a person believes helping will ruin the good mood, help is less ◦ Soothing music increases helping

1 More likely to help | 2 likely to help

Registering a change in psychological state after receiving help

Moral barometer:

Gratitude motivates recipient to act in prosocial way

Moral motivator:

Recipient of gratitude more likely to behave prosocially in the future

Moral reinforcer:

“functions of gratitude”

Moral barometer: Moral reinforcer: Moral motivator:

A belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get - reduces helping if we believe the victim contributed to his or her own problems

Just--world hypothesis

Just--world hypothesis : Attributing to internal factors: Attributing to external factors:

1 Help less likely | 2 Help is more likely

◦ Males are more likely to help? ◦ Males and females are equally likely to be helped by ◦ type of person that will get help- people are more likely to get help -do pregnant women get more help?

1 females 2 a female helper 3 Physically attractive 4 yes

do whites get more help than blacks?

only under certain conditions

what is this:? When the help required longer commitments of time When the help was more risky When the help was more difficult When the distance between the helper and victim increased When a white helper could rationalize away nonhelp

when white people get more help

do hurt black people receive as much help as hurt white people?

no black people receive less help

bystander effect stronger for what race?

blacks

A review of the literature on the relationship between | race and helping leads to three conclusions:

A bias exists against black victims, but it is not extreme Whites and blacks discriminate against victims of the opposite race at about the same rates Whites discriminate against black victims under remote conditions (e.g., plea for help over phone as opposed to face to face

do homosexuals receive as much help?

no they receive less

Selfless behavior involving risk to a helper (and/or family) that is sustained over time, is a product of a deliberative process, and involves a moral calling

Courageous resistance

Helping that involves significant risk above what is normally expected and serves some socially valued goal

Heroism:

◦ Substantial voluntary risk to oneself (health, death) Acceptance of risk goes beyond what is normally expected from outside sources ◦ Behavior directed toward the service of others or toward a “valued goal”

Two qualities define a “heroic” act

``` Act under a code of conduct with expectations of bravery, have specific training and engage in dangerous acts ```

Military heroes:

No code of conduct or training and | engage in dangerous acts

Civil heroes:

Do not face physical danger but may face possible financial and health risks and my face ostracism

Social heroes:

Civilian fire rescue Wrestling a gun away from someone A criminal risking his life to save another A soldier dying so others can escape A soldier saving a buddy A soldier refusing to give information to an enemy -altruistic or heroistic

heroistic

A cluster of personality traits that predisposes a person to acts of altruism

Altruistic personality:

The designation bestowed by Israel on non-Jews who helped save Jews from the Nazis during World War II

Righteous rescuer:

Selfless altruism that society does not support or might even discourage

Autonomous altruism:

Helping oriented toward a group important to the helper

Normocentric motivation:

- Most rescue efforts were planned or unplanned? - Most rescuers helped for -% that were strangers

- unplanned - 6 months or more - 90 % were strangers

- Empathy centering on sensitivity to the pain and suffering of others - Empathy along with a sense of social responsibility, increased commitment to help

Emotional empathy:

Altruism develops along with?

a child’s level of | cognitive development

Helping another person accomplish something | More common among younger children

Instrumental helping:

More complex emotion-based helping focused on the well-being of another person

◦ Empathic helping:

men or women more likely to be rescuers | also to have caring relationship

women

An individual’s internal motives interact with situational factors to determine whether a person will help

Interactionist view of view of altruism :

◦ Altruistic: Individuals motivated to help others but not to receive help in return ◦ Receptive giving: Individuals who help to obtain something in return ◦ Selfish: Individuals who are primarily motivated to receive help but not give it ◦ Inner-sustaining: Individuals who are not motivated to give or receive help

Four altruistic orientations based on the | individual’s need to give or receive help

Altruistic people less likely to help when

compensation for helping offered

Personality and the situation interact to

reduce the bystander effect

Motivated by personal competency rather than by what others do

◦ Esteem-oriented individuals:

Dependent on what others do

◦ Safety-oriented individuals:

Personality interacts with cost of helping? 1 ◦ Low cost help (e.g., provide time of day): 2 ◦ Very high cost (e.g., rescue activity):

to affect helping 1 Just about everyone will help 2 Very few will help

Men with masculine gender role concepts are less | willing to seek help than men

with more liberal concepts

Individuals more likely to ask for help when?

- need is low than when it is high - When need is low people perceive themselves to be on common footing with the helper

More likely to seek help from a?

friend than a stranger

Receiving help creates an?

inequitable relationship with helper which is negative

a model that explains reactions of victims, saying they might refuse help

Threat to self -esteem model:

Females more satisfied with | Females more likely than males to

- help than males | - express a need for help

Ch 11 Flashcards

(78 cards)