test 1 Flashcards by Alex prine

Social psychology-def

focuses on who?

scientific study of:
1 how individuals think and feel
2 interact with, and influence each other
3 individually and in groups.

focus on the individual

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Behavior =

function(Individual characteristics x 
Social situation)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Social situation comprises

any factors external to the person e.g., presence of others, physical environment,
culture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Social Cognition

◦ Social perception, construction of social reality,

attribution processes, attitudes, prejudice

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

◦ Persuasion, Fonformity, compliance, obedience,
group processes

◦ Interpersonal attraction, aggression, altruism

Social Influence

Social Relations

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

social psychology, based on

observation, scientific method of data

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identifying a phenomenon to study,
Developing a testable research hypothesis,
Designing a research study to test the hypothesis,
Carrying out the research study.
four steps of what?

The scientific method

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two research strategies are used in social

psychology, also what is the difference/def of the 2?

1 Correlational research-two variables co-very
2 Experimental research-manipulate one variable

The difference is that correlational does not necessarily mean causation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two or more variables are measured and a
relationship is established
The correlation coefficient (r) is used to
evaluate relationships between variables

correlational research

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

correlational coefficient range aka r

-1 to 1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

independent variable

The variable manipulated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

dependent variable

The variable that is measured

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

◦ Extraneous variable

(unmanipulated variables that Extraneous variables (could affect the outcome of an experiment) are
controlled

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The experimental group

◦ The control group

receives some treatment

does not receive the treatment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A factor

another term for an independent variable
A “one-factor” experiment has one independent
variable
A “two-factor” has 2 independent variables

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

level

of an independent variable is another term

for a group

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A factorial experiment

includes more than

one independent variable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

-No independent variables
manipulated
-A relationship between
variables is explored
-Extraneous variables may
be measured and controlled
statistically
-Causal inferences cannot be
drawn

Correlational Research

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

-Independent variables are
manipulated
-Causal relationships are
explored
-Extraneous variables tightly
controlled
-Causal inferences can be
drawn

Experimental Research

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The fundamental attribution error (FAE) is made when

◦ we underestimate situational influences and

◦ overestimate personality influences

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

why do people make the fundamental attribution error (know the quiz show phenomenon)

we fail to take into account social roles

who do we think of as the smartest person on a game show? the game show host

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

individualistic cultures (how do we exercise?)

we tend to look at the individual

Americans exercise alone where as china does as a group

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Actor-observer bias-attribution bias

we explain others behavior through characteristics
we explain our behavior situationally
we attribute our behavior situationally “why am i(the teacher) here?”-it pays the bills
the students say he is here because he likes social phy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

shaver’s actor-observer bias-attribution bias study

video taped people in converstation
people explained their own behavior as responding to enviorment/situational
and the people they were talking to based upon other persons personal charecteristics, this also happens when you watch yourself

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

False consensus bias

The tendency to believe that our own feelings and behavior are shared by everyone else people tend to think that a majority of people agree with them

pluralistic ignorance (college parties)

you think as a college freshman that college is just one big party so you go to drink all the time, but then you learn differently

A set of organized cognitions that help us interpret, evaluate, and remember a wide range of social stimuli

Schema

A person-schema belief theory that certain traits go together (think of the biker)

◦ Implicit personality theory: | -when we think of a biker, we think of all these characteristics that go along with it, like leather

confirmation bias

we look for certain schemas and so we find it, italians talk with their hands, we look for it then we find it

◦ Used when we are in the cognitive miser mode | what we do without too much thinking about it, (what we do when using automatic processing)

heuristics

Counterfactual thinking (type of automatic processing:

a way to explain why something didnt happen "well if bob would set his alarm on time, he would be on time", we then blame the person without knowing

Metacognition:

thinking about thinking usually optimistic

optimism

selectively ignore threatening information | will develop positive illusions

% of Americans rate their lives as | above average in satisfaction

``` Information processing without much thought or attention Actions are automatically interpreted as indicating an internal state ◦ e.g., a smile = happiness ```

automatic processing

-you react faster to a new stimulas because of an old stimulas, and the old thing makes you think of the new thing, i remember bruce almighty so i can spell beautiful

Priming

-Alter our social behavior to match the social situation Our perceptions often automatically trigger behavior -different behavior from visiting grandma, and when you go out drinking, changing behavior

Chameleon effect

-Occurs quickly with little attention -An unconscious process

automatic processes

-Involves effort and attention -A conscious process

controlled processing

is the process by which we make judgments about others

Impression formation

The ability to determine the degree to which an individual represents the “average person”

Normative accuracy:

Primacy effect:

The tendency of early information to play a powerful role in impressions of others ◦ First impression affects perception of later information received about a person

Belief perseverance:

The tendency for initial impressions to persist despite later conflicting information, accounts for much of the power of first impressions

A biased, often negative, attitude about a group ◦ Includes belief structures and expectations -means pre-judgement

prejudice

explicit v. implicit prejudice

explicit are easily detectable implicit are not

Have more negative racial attitudes Perceive the out-group as more threatening Show stronger in-group identification Perceive greater status differences between groups Indicate more negative stereotypes of the out-group

compared to whites, how black students act

how strong are in group out group distinctions

no difference at all but just a label is enough to activate in group out group distinctions -put people in groups based on their estimations of how many dots on a screen, over or under estimators, people interacted with people more like themselves

``` Unconscious level Automatic processing Activated automatically when minority group member is encountered in the right situation Subtle effect on behavior what type of sterotype? ```

implicit sterotype | rememer the guy that got shot by cops when pulled out phone

Conscious level Controlled processing Direct effect on behavior what type of sterotype?

Explicit stereotype |

shoting experiment/study/paradigm

in the study they were looking at racism and found that individuals naturally shoot at black targets faster, even if they were not holding a gun

Automatic activation of prejudice can it be countered?

yes, we can alter this, we can train people to think differently

◦ Negative implicit stereotypes develop early in life , how early? what happens at age 10?

(6-year-olds) By age 10 children learn that it is unacceptable to express explicit stereotypes

who do we suppose gets the worse sentence, black or white?

black

learning and discrimination

remember pavlaws dog and the salivation produced by ringing the bell and how we can learn to salivate

Done primarily to test a theory (e.g., does a prediction from balance theory hold)

Basic research

Done to investigate a real world problem (e.g., does a defendant’s race affect jury decisions)

Applied research

Done in a tightly | controlled laboratory environment

Laboratory research

Done in the subject’s natural environment

Field research

a set of interrelated statements or propositions about the causes for a particular phenomenon

theory

self schema

An arrangement of information, thoughts, and feelings about the self ◦ Includes information about gender, age, race or ethnicity, occupation, social roles, physical attractiveness, intelligence, talents, and so on

Emotional intelligence

Ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions ◦ High emotional intelligence related to ability to monitor emotions of self and others in interactions - Read emotions- Regulate emotions

If I go to Newman and I am watching a game and experience a feeling of higher self esteem, what theory?

(birg) bask in reflected glory

SEM self evaluation maintenance theory

explains how others behavior reflects our self esteem, it may be good or bad

(Corfing) its like sem

cut off in reflected failure, when the team loses

selfhandicapping

when you give yourself an excuse because you are unsure how well you will do

how many and what are the names of the "selfs" that guide our behavior

actual, ideal, ought

representativeness (type of automatic processing

like sterotyping

cocktail party

this is when you hear your name and automatically turn to find out whats going on

attribution pocess

individuals explain causes for behavior and events, or infer reasoning, they got a good grade because they're lucky

what are the two types of attributions

internal and external

covariation theory focuses on what?

internal and external attributions

in-group v. out group

in-group=people perceive themselves as similar to the others, such as skin tone outgroup=the opposite

traditional family ideology (tfi)

men in charge women always passive, man is always right, and very brutal, this causes child to develop very weak super ego, thus becomes very dependent on others

when do implicit sterotypes develop

young age in life

is discrimination learned,explain

yes, just like classical conditioning or pavlaws dog

ethnocentrism (which goes along with the authoritarian personality

ethnocentrism- the belief that you are always right

resist change, prejudice, had punishing upbring, gravitate to hate groups, what type of personality

authoritarian

stereotype threat

when a person is asked to perform a task where there is a stereotype in place against them

how do stereotypes apply to various groups (math)

remember the white males against Asians, but also women

relative depervation

we feel deprived when someone else has something, we want and then we feel the need to get it and get ahead, buy it cuz others have it ie dre headphones

the study by sherrieff in oklahoma

if people work together, it gets rid of previous competition they felt

equal status, common goals, authority behaviors who support non-descrimitive behavior

contact hypothesis

The jigsaw classroom method

cooperative learning promotes positive feelings

least racist organization?

the military

test 1 Flashcards

(84 cards)