Chapter 10 Flashcards by Alex prine

Any behavior intended to inflict
either psychological or physical harm on
another organism or object

Aggression

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crucial elements to aggression

1) intent
2) does not have to be physical-like spreading rumors
3) can be directed at objects as well as living things

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Aggressive behavior stemming
from angry or hostile impulses, with a primary goal
to inflict injury on some person or object

◦ Hostile Aggression:

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Aggressive behavior stemming from a desire to achieve a goal

Instrumental aggression

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are hostile and instrumental aggression mutually exclusive?

No, acts of terrorism often have both

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Overt forms of aggression such
as physical aggression (hitting, punching, kicking,
etc.) and verbal aggression (name calling,
denigration, etc.)

Direct aggression:

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Aggression that is social in nature, such as social ostracism and deliberate social exclusion

Indirect aggression:

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Aggression having direct and indirect components involving the use of social ostracism and rejection (indirect
aggression) and direct confrontation (direct
aggression)

Relational aggression

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Aggressive behavior that interferes with a victim’s advancement toward a goal

◦like Spreading rumors about a coworker to harm his/her
chances at a promotion

Symbolic aggression

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Aggressive behavior that society accepts or encourages
like ◦ A soldier in battle, killing in self-defense, predatory
aggression
◦ Usually instrumental in nature

Sanctioned aggression

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who is the more aggressive sex? (do not confuse by thinking both aren’t aggressive, because both are)

Males are generally more aggressive than 
females, even when unprovolked
◦ True for humans and animal species
◦ Most evident for direct (especially physical) 
aggression
◦ At all ages, from early childhood on
◦ Peaks between 20-30 years
◦ Consistent across cultures

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slightly more common among females than males in

late childhood

Indirect aggression (social exclusion)

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underlying aggression-any gender differences?

no gender differences

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Gender difference in the cognitive aspects of

using aggression

◦ Females more guilty about using aggression
◦ Females are more concerned about the harm that
aggression does to others

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why are there gender differences in aggression

Biological factors- Higher testosterone levels in males
+ Neurochemistry of brain
- Boys encouraged to engage in aggressive play
-Girls encouraged to engage in cooperative play
+ Greater sympathy and empathy
- Males are more attuned to threatening emotions and
cues from others and more likely to respond with
aggression

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genders and provolking

unprovolked-males are more aggressive
provolked-males and females are the same
males commit more violent crimes

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how do males/females respond to intellect and evaluation of work

males more aggressive on intellect

males females are the same on evaluation of work

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A theoretical perspective that views
behavior within the context of survival and
emphasizes the role of instincts and genetic
forces, aggression is related to biological survival and evolution of organism
-aggression has what type of value

Ethology

-has survival value

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Ethology and human behavior

◦ Humans mark and defend territories
◦ Aggression plays a role in the organization of
dominance hierarchies in human groups
◦ Humans have developed the technology to kill
easily from afar

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A theoretical perspective that
views social behavior as helping groups of
organisms within a species survive
-focus on evolution and function of social behavior

Sociobiology:

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in Sociobiology, aggression is used for what?

to settle disputes over

common, limited resources

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genetics and aggression

genetics and environment are important
genes more important in males
less important in young
dont cause it, but predispose people

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1)part of brain associated with aggression
2)Stimulating the lateral…
3)Stimulating the medial…
4) part of brain that relates to emotions

1) hypothalamus
2) “predatory” aggression
3) “affective” aggression
4) amegdala

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what hormones affect aggression

when are they increased

testosterone increases aggression
cortizol- regulates aggression, if both high socially aggressive
-they are increased with competititon

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when are hormones important in development, | Organization function :

Prenatal exposure influences the | course of brain development

how does a gun and also alchol affect hormones

holding a gun or alchol increases testosterone levels alcohol also lowers seritonian levels also note the placebo effect from alcohol and aggression

how are frustration and aggression related?

strong relation Aggression is always the consequence of frustration ◦ Frustration always leads to aggression -frustration occurs when reaching goal becomes blocked

these are related to? ◦Strength of the original motivation ◦ Degree of goal blockage ◦ The number of frustrating events

Strength of frustration

Alternative target chosen if first choice is unavailable or | inappropriate when we are frustrated (type of aggression)

◦ Displaced aggression

how does injustice and inequality relate to anger?

Unjust treatment arouses anger Aggression is seen as a way to restore justice and equity

The observation that aggression is more likely when people are hot than when they are cool

Heat effect: -also Heat increases the likelihood that a baseball batter will be hit by a pitch, especially if pitcher’s teammate was hit by opposing pitcher

Aggression is learned in?

childhood, during the socialization process ◦ “Agents of socialization” include parents, peers, and the media

age we learn aggression, males and females

males 10-13 females 13 for both affect the outcome of our criminal behavior

Social behavior is acquired through direct reinforcement or | punishment of behavior and observational learning

Social learning theory

Learning through watching what people do and whether they are rewarded or punished and then imitating that behavior

Observational learning:

1 Inhibitions against an existing behavior are removed if person sees model reinforced for aggression As when a person sees another touch hot water so they aviod it

1 Vicarious reinforcement:

An internalized representation of an event that leads to increased aggression and the tendency to interpret social interactions aggressively

Aggressive script:

once aggressive scripts are formed, this causes

See the world as an aggressive place ◦ Interpret unintentional behaviors as intentional ◦ React to a wide range of situations with aggression

3 phases of development of aggressive scripts

Acquisition and encoding: Script is first learned and placed into a child’s memory ◦ Maintenance: Script is strengthened and elaborated each time a child thinks about aggression, sees aggression or acts aggressively ◦ Retrieval and emission : When child a situation similar to an aggressive script it is activated

Antisocial behaviors develop early in life and result from aggressive, poor, harsh parenting ◦ Antisocial behaviors affect peer relationships and academic performance

Two premises of the social interaction model

causes a child’s antisocial behavior

``` Aggressive parenting (e.g., power assertion, physical punishment, ) ```

aggressive parenting comes from

Grandparental traits: Parents of child used aggressive parenting Family demographics: Family income, neighborhood and culture Family stressors: Unemployment, parental conflict, divorce

cultures with less aggression have:

◦ Collectivist values ◦ High moral discipline ◦ Egalitarian values (less emphasis on “getting ahead”) ◦ Low avoidance of uncertainty ◦ Adherence to Confucian values (emphasis on social order)

Aggression is more prevalent in what regions of the United States and why?

southern and western, Temperature differences Existence of slavery

Southern and western States have a culture in which violence is more widely accepted and practiced than in the northern and eastern United States, where no such culture exists, what type of culture is this

Culture of honor:

how are southern men and college students more likely to respond to insult?

◦ Greater acceptance of violence to solve interpersonal conflicts in the south than north ◦ Southern white men more likely to respond to a perceived insult with aggression than northern white men ◦ Southern college students more likely to respond negatively to an insult

Stronger culture of honor in states with

More lax gun control laws Stronger self-defense laws More support for violence used in defense of one’s property Laws supporting corporal and capital punishment Legislators on support for using the military to respond to threats

◦ Frequency of school shootings is higher in states | that ? *not unique in American culture

allow corporal punishment in schools and | where corporal punishment is used at home

-Positive relationship between the amount of | violent TV a child watches and

-aggression level

Personality characteristics and social | conditions mediate the relationship between

violent television and aggression

Exposure to violence on television and movies contributes to the development of aggressive scripts ◦ Exposure to aggressive media content may prime aggressive thoughts and make them more accessible

Reasons for the link between violent | television and aggression

what does playing violent video games do?

- Affects both males and females, but the effect may be stronger for males Females most affected when they control a female character in the game -Increases aggression among both males and females

◦ Sexually explicit material created to produce

-sexual arousal (e.g., nude lovemaking scene)

Exposure to sexually explicit material | decreases

sexual violence against women

Males are more likely than females to be | aroused by fantasizing about and engaging in what type of acts?

sadomasochistic sexual acts

Sexual arousal does not necessarily lead to | aggression

free card

Exposure to pornography just before a sex crime is | committed relates to reduced

violence and victim | injury in a sex crime

Dominance as a motive for sexual behavior ◦ Hostility toward women ◦ Accepting attitudes toward sexual aggression ◦ Antisocial characteristics or psychoticism ◦ Much sexual experience ◦ Physiological arousal to depictions of rape charecteristics of what?

men prone to sexual violence

Stereotyped sex-role beliefs Acceptance of interpersonal violence Masculinity Fraternity membership

◦ Increases in self-reported sexual violence

◦ Set clear rules and explain to children why certain behaviors are unacceptable. ◦ Provide children with age-appropriate opportunities to help others (e.g., setting the table, cooking dinner) ◦ Attribute prosocial behavior to the child’s internal characteristics (e.g., tell the child how helpful he or she is) ◦ Provide children with prosocial role models who demonstrate caring, empathy, helping, and other positive traits.

Four steps parents can take to reduce | aggression and promote prosocial behavior

A view stating that how a person aggression processes social information mediates aggression

Social information---processing view of | aggression:

Perceiving and decoding cues from the social environment. Developing expectations of others’ behavior based attribution of intent Looking for possible responses Deciding on the most appropriate response Carrying out the chosen response

Five steps in instigating aggression

Leadership implementation training (LIT)

Incorporates leadership training into anger management group interventions Goal is to have children learn leadership skills to be used in school to change other children’s impressions of them May result

dispositional empathy

makes individuals, especially men less likely to behave aggressivly

the frustration/aggression hypothesis

this suggests that aggression is caused by frustration resulting from blocked goals, this is controversal. once we are frustrated we choose a target

precieved injustice

a precieved inequality in a frustrating situation is a stronger cause for aggression than frustration itself

frustration/aggression contribute to anger through 3 ways

cognitive measures-we believe the person is trying to harm us - precieved injustice - high tempature

when are hormones important in development, | Activation function

: Exposure later in life (puberty) activates behavior Both exposures are necessary for testosterone levels to affect aggression

who gets most angry over injustice,inequality

Powerless individuals most likely to get angry over | injustice and inequity

Refers to the tendency not to repeat behaviours that we observe others punished for performing.

Vicarious punishment:

-Sexually violent material includes

-scenes of violence within a sexual context that are degrading to women (e.g., rape)

-Heavy exposure to television violence does what?

-desensitizes one to violence and leads to a more positive attitude toward aggression -this is weak causeal evidence

Chapter 10 Flashcards

(72 cards)