Test 1 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Cross-cultural/Comparative Perspective
A
Look at other societies around the world
Looking at a culture historically
Understand our culture
Develop understanding (appreciation) for other cultures
2
Q
Ethnocentrism
A
William Graham Sumner (FOLKWAYS)
Assumption that society’s way of doing things is always the best way
3
Q
Answers question through a systematic collection and analysis of data
A
Empirical approach
4
Q
Quantitative methods
Qualitative methods
A
Focus is on collecting data that can be measured numerically
Focus is on narrative description with words rather than numbers to analyze patterns and their underlying meanings.
5
Q
Family Change
A
Constant
Family has always changed
Example: Family size
6
Q
some historical family types
Hunting and Gathering:
Agricultural:
Industrial age:
A
nuclear family (small families, mobile units, scarce resources)
extended family (large family, children help, more resources, asset)
nuclear (children not assets, don’t produce income, but consume income, small family size)
7
Q
Viewing change:
Two broad perspectives (you like it or you don’t)
A
Optimistic vs. Pessimistic
Resilience vs. decline
Accepting vs. rebellious
8
Q
Seccombe (author) and Change
There are changes in what?
as a political issue and what are the three prespectives?
A
Changes in American families Changes as a political issue Conservative perspective Liberal perspective Feminist perspective
9
Q
Variables of Change 3 of them in order
A
X leads to Y
Y is Family
What is X?
10
Q
Defining Family Stephens (Family in Cross Cultural Perspective) 4 parts 1)based on what? 2)Reciprocal what and between who? 3) what about living? 4) rights and duties of what?
A
- Based on marriage
- Reciprocal economic obligations between spouses
- Common residence
- Rights and duties of parenthood
11
Q
A group of 2 or more persons related by blood, marriage or adoption who reside together in a household.
A
family definition U.S. Census:
12
Q
family consists of two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption.
A
family definition Henslin:
13
Q
definition of family by who?
relationships by blood, marriage, or affection, in which members may cooperate economically, may care for any children, and may consider their identity to be intimately connected to the larger group.
A
Seccombe:
14
Q
Family Functions (Heck)
1) make what legitimate
2) provide what?
3) off spring?
4) when you do something for family you are fulfilling your?
5) get togeather or?
6) where are you located socially?
7) what type of cooperation?
A
1 Legitimize sexual intercourse 2 Provide affection 3 Replenishment (reproduction) 4 Maintenance (responsibility) 5 Socialization 6 Social placement (understanding placement amongst society) 7 Economic cooperation
15
Q
Regulation Reproduction Socializing children Property and inheritance Economic cooperation Social placement, status, and roles Care, warmth, protection, and intimacy
are all family what, and by who?
A
Functions (Seccombe)
16
Q
Relationships-types 3 of them
not martriarchy patriarchy egalitarian
A
Conjugal (marriage)
Consanguine (Latin word suggesting something about blood)
Adoption
17
Q
Mate selection rules
2 types
A
Endogamy-marry someone similar
Exogamy-to marry outside of a group
18
Q
Power types in relationships/families 3 of them
A
Matriarch-lady ruler
Patriarchy- you da man
Egalitarian (democratic)
19
Q
Marriage patterns
4 types
A
Monogamy (one person marred to one other person)
Polygamy (one of one and several of the other)
Polygyny (one man and several wives)
Polyandry (one woman several women)
20
Q
Location of home 3 types
A
Matrilocal- couple goes to live with mother
Patrilocal-couple goes to live with father
Neolocal-live somewhere new
21
Q
Descent 3 types
A
Matrilineal-track mothers side
Patrilineal-track males side
Bilateral (Bilineal)-track both
22
Q
Finding a mate 2 ways
A
Preferential (dominant in society, partners find each other on their own)
Arranged (more of an older concept)
23
Q
Point of reference- the two types of family you might be apart of
A
1Family of procreation (when you get a partner, and have a child, you go home to your family of procreation, your newly founded family)
2Family of orientation (when you are born, this is where you start, and continue for probably 18 years you belong to this family)
24
Q
What we look for (in a partner) two different theories
A
1 Theory of homogamy
Seek a partner with similar social and cultural traits
2 Complimentary needs theory
Seek a partner with different social and cultural traits
25
that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
-this is the definition of what?
Culture (by Tyler from Primitive Culture)
26
The importance of Culture
Culture tells us how to create social organization
27
Components of Culture
Belief: statement about reality regarded as true.
Values: abstract principles of behavior.
Norms: group supported specific guides to conduct
Symbols: something that stands for something else
Knowledge: information about the world
28
Generally we break culture into 5 parts
| We call the parts: The five are:
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Institutions
Family
Education
Religion
Political
Economics
```
29
Changing values-from what to what?
From Familism (Family) to Individualism
Fatalism-the course is already set
Individualism-work hard and make the most of yourself and
From Patriarchy (do as your father says) to Egalitarianism (act to have all participate)
30
General framework, explanation, or tool to understand and describe the real-life world
-this is the definition of what?
Theory
31
Macro-level of analysis
Micro-level of analysis
General framework that attempts to understand societal patterns
General framework that focuses on personal dynamics and face to face interaction
32
Structural functionalism
what level of analysis?
suggests what about the family?
- Macro-level of analysis
| - Suggests that all social institutions, including the family, exist to fill a need in society
33
types of roles in the family? 2
Expressive roles in the family-is usually women
| Instrumental roles in the family-is usually men
34
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Conflict theory
-level of analysis?
-emphasizes issues surrounding?
-is a consequence of what?
-there is a difference in what?
attributed to who?
```
- Macro-level of analysis
- Emphasizes issues surrounding social inequality, power, conflict, and social change
- Consequences of capitalism
- Power differentials
- attributed to marx
35
Feminist theory
- level of analysis?
- what is the concept for explaining family structure and dynamics?
- there are what in our society?
- Macro-level of analysis
- Gender is the central
- Powerful imbalances in society
36
Social exchange theory
- level of analysis?
- individuals are? reflects evaluation of cost/ benefits
- family structure results from?
- Micro-level of analysis
- Individuals are rational and their behavior reflects an evaluation of costs and benefits
- Family structure or dynamic results from rational decisions
37
Symbolic interaction theory
- level of analysis?
- focused on?
- interactions based on?
Micro-level of analysis
Focuses on the social interaction between family members and other groups; concerned with the meanings of interpretations that people have
Interactions based on interpretations of symbols
38
Micro-level of analysis
Family and family members go through distinct stages
May occur in linear fashion
Developmental theory
39
- Micro-level of analysis
- Examines how individual lives change as they pass through the events in their lives, recognizing that many changes are socially produced and shared among a cohort of people
Life course perspective
40
Micro-level analysis
Family members and the roles they play make up a system, and this system is larger than the sum of its individual members
Systems theory
41
what are the strategies for study?
| 3 of them
-Recorded/statistical data
-Ethnographies
Detailed accounts and interpretations of some aspects of culture and social organization
-Family reconstruction
Compile available information about significant family events and everyday life within a particular family to piece together social history
42
what are the 3 eras of families and who do we attribute them to?
Daniel Bell
Preindustrial societies
Industrial societies
Postindustrial societies
43
Family life as a hunter-gatherer
- what type of economies were there?
- how does this relate to a surplus?
```
Subsistence economies (just barely have enough to live on)
Economies in which families use all of what they have, with virtually no surplus of food or other resources
```
44
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Family life in horticultural and agrarian societies
Early European families
3 componets
-Patricians
-Feudalism
-Primogeniture
```
- these were landowners, at the top of the stratification system
- Lords owned the land; serfs worked the land
- Families during the Middle Ages leaving their wealth or properly to eldest son
45
Native Americans
Most lived in tribal societies based on lineages
| Hunting-gathering groups to larger groups using sophisticated horticultural methods
46
Colonial America: European colonists
- did they have economic production or consumption?
- Household structure
- Parenting was?
- had economic production
- house hold structure was nuclear
- Strict and emotionally distant
47
Colonial America: African Americans and slavery
- slaves lived where?
- constant threat of what among slave familes was?
- what was marriage considered?
Most slaves lived in separate families centered on a monogamous couple
Constant thread of separation
Marriage as a form of social control by masters
48
Mexicans-Familism
Family relationships are paramount and take precedence over individual needs or wants
49
mexican families-Compadres
Godparents in the Mexican American community who serve as co-parents to children
50
19th Century America
Changing nature of the economy
Industrialization and urbanization did what?
Transformed an economy from a system based on small family-based agriculture to one large industrial capital
51
19th Century America
| Demographic changes
Rural to urban movement
| Immigration-People movied to the United States
52
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19th Century America
Class ideology
-city is what?
-who goes to the city?
-what do women do aka?
-home and the suburbs are considered a?
-women cult of domesticity
```
- City is bad, evil
- Men go there
- Women stay home(aka seperate spheres)
- Home is a safe haven
- suburbs are safe haven
- -the cult of true womenhood
53
20th Century: Rise of modern family
| Companionate family is built upon?
Built upon mutual affection, sexual attraction, compatibility, and personal happiness
54
what happened to the family during the great depression?
dislocation
women tried to enter the workforce
rising divorce rate
55
post world war 2 Fertility rates
The Baby Boom 1946-1964
56
Social movements from 60's and 70's 3 of them
Civil rights
Women’s
Anti-war
57
More recent developments
Families and the changing economy
what are the challenges they face?
3 of them dealing with work
Unemployment
Poverty-level wages
Part-time nonstandard; temporary work
58
Urbanization- what is it? recognize the example
- Move the rural communities into the city
- Intense interfamilial cooperation, monogamous in cultural values, closed to outsiders
- this is like where Chinese individuals make a area of town called china town
59
Immigrate to urban areas know about the 2 waves of people
| they all had a different?
1st wave,North and west Europe, 10 million, Fit well
2nd wave, East, south, central Europe, 23 million Didn’t fit well
they all had a varying experience
60
“chain migration”
- how migrated friends and relatives influence others from their home country
- Conditions were difficult
61
Ascribed statuses
| Achieved statuses
- Statuses a person earns, such as a university graduate
| - Statuses a person is born with, such as his or her sex, race and ethnic background, and social class
62
is social class more or less visible then race?
Social class is less visible than sex, race, I or ethnicity but has a big effect on our lives
63
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Health insurance and access to health care
Gender expectations
Values that parents socialize in their children
How parents interact with their children
College experience
Dating and premarital sexual experiences
Likelihood of and age at first marriage
Income and spending patterns
Hobbies and pastimes
are all?
```
Correlates of Social Class
64
Hierarchical ranking of people within a society on the basis of specific coveted resources, such as income and wealth
Social stratification
65
System in which economic and social rewards such as income, occupation, or prestige are obtained on individual merit rather than inheritance
Meritocracy
66
Caste system
System of social stratification that is based upon ascribed characteristics one is born with, such as race, ethnicity, or family lineage
67
System of social stratification that is based both on ascribed statuses and individual achievements
Social class
68
Social mobility
Movement in the stratification system based on individual effort or achievement
69
Open and Closed systems
provide what?
what system is open/closed?
Open: provides for mobility
Closed: no mobility
What system would be most open? Class
What system would be closed? Caste
70
Karl Marx: 1818-1883
1 variable (dimension)
know and describe his 2 groups
Economics
Marx thought that economics shaped everything that we see every day
Bourgeoisie or Proletariat
71
Webers 3 deminsions
power
prestige
wealth
72
Social Class in America
Gilbert and Kahl (1993)
-Status:
-Socioeconomic status (SES)
- Position on the Stratification System
| - Vague combination of education, occupation, and income
73
levels of social classes
| 5 in order
```
Working poor
Working class
Middle class
Upper middle class
Upper class
```
74
Individualism, theory of being poor
Result of personal failings and the poor generally have only themselves to blame for their predicament
75
Social structuralism, theory of being poor
Result of economic or social imbalances within the social structure that serve to restrict opportunities for some people
76
Culture of poverty, theory of being poor
Poor have developed a subcultural set of values, traits, and expectations as a direct result of the structural constraints associated with living in isolated pockets of poverty
77
Fatalism-theory of being poor
Attributable to quirks, chance, luck, inevitable human nature, illness, low intelligence, or other forces over which people have little control
78
Sex as a Status
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male XY (ascribed status)
female XX (ascribed status)
the biological difference
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79
Gender Role
```
(think about rights, duties, how we’re told to behave)
-Culturally/Socially constructed
a. masculine/traits
Aggressive, domineering
b. feminine/traits
Nurturing, submissive
```
80
Intersexed
Androgyny
Transgender
Transsexual
-Anatomical categories are not easily identifiable
-Having both masculine and feminine traits
-Express gendered traits associated with the other sex
Undergo surgery and hormone treatments
81
The process by which beliefs, values, and norms (culture) are internalized and passed on;
A sense of self develops;
And the individual becomes a part of society
Socialization (definition)
82
Agents of Socialization 3 of them
People,
Social institutions
Organizations
83
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Family members
Toys
Schools and the hidden curriculum
Peers
Mass Media
what are these relating to gender?
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Sources of gender socialization
84
Problems of Masculinity
Male gender expectations
| May be harmful for boys (Seaccombe)
85
Institutional sex Discrimination
| Hegemonic means?
it is embedded in our culture
86
how do we see Patriarchy in the West?
- change your?
- Men are allowed more permissiveness in sexual behavior aka
- the lyrics to songs exc. provide patriarchal what?
- Change your name
- The double standard
- Sexual scripts
87
Labor Market Segmentation
Men and women often work in different types of jobs with distinct working conditions and pay
88
Women make up how much of working force? and get paid how much compared to men?
47%
72% of what men make
because of job choice and children
89
Legal Immigrants
| Illegal immigrants
- Nearly 13% are immigrants
| - Estimated 8.3 million in U.S. (2008), a decline from past
90
Racial Group (race):
refers to group with biologically inherited characteristics
91
what are the groups pertaining to race
Caucasian
Negroid
Mongoloid
-Blacks and Whites, is a Continuum rather than dichotomy
92
Ethnic Group (ethnicity):
sense of identity around a cultural tradition—unique and distinguishable, examples Language,Religion, Dress, (Food)
93
Minority Group:
less power and status
94
Dominant Group- control 2 things
control political/economic power
95
Racism
Prejudice
Discrimination
- Differential and unequal treatment, based on race
- Negative attitudes about members of a selected racial or ethnic group
- Negative behavior towards a racial or ethnic group
96
Hispanic Families
are the largest what in the US?
have highest rate of what out of all racial/ethic groups?
are there differences between the various generations?
Much diversity
Largest U.S. minority group in the U.S. at 16%
Highest fertility rate of all racial/ethnic groups
Differences between first, second, and third generations
97
Black Families
- more entering what?
- are they as wealthy as other races?
- extended families?
- more entering the middle class
- not as wealthy as white, as a whole
- maintain strong contact with extended families
98
Asian Americans
- how much of population
- -are considered the?
- tension between who?
- 5% of population
- are model minority
- is tension between generations
99
American Indian Families
About 5% of U.S. population
- 1/3 live on designated American Indian Areas
- high unemployment
- have success in area of gambling profits
100
Intermarriage
Consider an indicator of assimilation
On the increase
Seccombe reports 15% in 2008
101
Set of social policies designed to increase opportunities for minority groups
Controversial and misunderstood
Has helped minority families enter the middle and upper classes
Affirmative action
102
Mate Selection
Socially controlled
103
India practices what types of marriages?
| Dowry
Arranged marriages
| Financial gift given to a woman’s prospective in-laws by her parents
104
what is Bride price?
Payment to bride’s parents by groom or family
105
USA and dating-parents
| 3 origins of dating
High parental control
Industrialization
Urbanization
Disposable income
106
Endogamy
Exogamy
Mate selection within a group
Mate selection outside a group
107
1 Homogeneous relationships
| 2 Heterogeneous relationships what theroy should you remember?
1 (HOMO, when you look for someone alike)
| 2 you look for someone different aka Complimentary Needs Theory
108
An enduring bond based on affection and emotion, including a sense of obligation toward one another
Love (Seaccombe)
109
Aspects of love: Yorburg
| 3 of them
Emotional closeness
Physical attraction
Commitment
110
men or women more likely to be looking for committed relationship?
men or women fall in love first?
who is more preoccupied with love?
- Men more likely than women to be in or looking for committed relationships
- Men fall in love sooner and with more people than women
- Men more preoccupied with love and relationships
111
Sexual orientation
| 3 types
The sex one is attracted to
heterosexual
homosexual
bisexual
112
What causes sexual orientation?
Seaccombe: Research suggests:
| Complex set of biological factors (genetics and hormones
113
Sexual scripts
- are constructed how?
- do they vary?
- what is the male/female script examples
-socially constructed
-vary by race, ethnicity, social class, and sex
Male script, example: looks less important
Female script, example: be attractive
114
STI’s
19 million people become infected each year
| About one in four girls ages 14-19 is infected
115
HIV and AIDS
1.1 million living with HIV/AIDS in U.S.
33.4 million people infected globally
Problem in sub-Saharan Africa
116
Cohabitation
- who does it?
- do most marriages start this way?
- historically?
Unmarried partners living together, all people are doing it these days, 1/3rd of adults said they have
Majority of marriages today begin by cohabitation
-more common then in past
117
Civil Unions in comparison with same sex marriage
Public policy to extend some benefits to partners who are not legally married
Do not provide same degree of protection as marriage
118
Marriage
| Iraq marriages
Legally and socially recognized relationship that includes sexual, economic, and social rights and responsibilities between partners
-iraq's believe it is safer to marry counsin
119
3 changes in marriages
waiting longer
more divorces
more inter ethnic marriages
120
attitudes toward marriage
| pre marital sex
Americans have positive attitude
| pre marital sex no longer viewed as wrong
121
Second shift (Hochschild)
women not only have to now work but then come home and take care of the house
122
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-Selection effect
People who do this action may be different that those who don’t
-Physical health
-Economic advantages
-Marriage and sex
-Social capital and social support
-these are all benefits of what?
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Benefits of Marriage
123
who benefits more in marriage men or women
men
124
- Quality and stability of the couple’s parents’ marriages
- Shared values, goals, and characteristics of the couple (Homogamy)
- Age at marriage
- Religious faith and practice
- Frequency and satisfaction with sexual relationship
- Satisfaction with gender relations and the division of labor
- these are what?
Variables Affecting Marital Success
125
Covenant marriage
Marriage that restricts divorce, requires premarital counseling, and is bound by other rules
126
Interactive process, using symbols like words and gestures, which include both sending and receiving messages
Communication
127
- do happy couples express more or less communication and what type(s)
- communication problems result from poor what?
- express particularly more verbal communication
| - communication problems from poor lisening
128
- Active listening
| - Self-disclosure
- Active listening involves asking good questions, listening non-judgmentally, empathizing, and paraphrasing
- Telling spouse something private about oneself, not otherwise known
129
1 Regulating couples
2 Non regulated couples
1 Communication to promote closeness and intimacy
Use constructive rather than negative comments even during arguments
2 Contempt, defensiveness, criticism, stonewalling, and belligerence
Oklahoma wants to reduce divorce
