Chapter 9

Question 1

A theory suggesting that love includes

passion, intimacy, and commitment

Answer 1

The triangular theory of love

Question 2

Emotional component involving a
strong desire to be with one’s partner
◦ Strongest in the early stages of a romantic
relationship
◦ Sexual desire that initially drives a relationship
but not exclusively sexual

Answer 2

Passion:

Question 3

Sharing thoughts and activities
◦ Looking out for each other’s welfare
◦ Experiencing happiness by being in each other’s
company
◦ Counting on each other when times are tough
◦ Giving each other emotional support and
understanding

Answer 3

Intimacy:

Question 4

Cognitive component involving

maintaining love over time

Answer 4

Commitment:

Question 5

do components of love have to happen in specific order

Answer 5

Components of love need not occur in a fixed

order

Question 6

increasing the intimacy is related to?

Answer 6

strong passion

Question 7

in a relationship, what declines and what is stable

Answer 7

passion declines, intimacy always there

Question 8

who has most passion?

Answer 8

engaged couples, more than new daters or married people

Question 9

what increases with relationship lenghth

Answer 9

committment

Question 10

-having the components of passion and intimacy but not commitment
-is also characterized by intense emotional
and physiological arousal

Answer 10

Romantic love

Question 11

Love that includes all three components (passion, intimacy, and commitment)

Answer 11

Consummate love

Question 12

Love expressed by one person that is rejected and not returned by the other
-also happens more often to men than women

Answer 12

Unrequited love:

Question 13

what are gender differences

Answer 13

Men overestimate the extent to which their romantic
advances are reciprocated
Women are more likely than men to report multiple
attempts to clearly reject unwanted

Question 14

Mutual love involving individuals
having strong passion for one another but
cannot or will not make those feelings
publicly known

Answer 14

Secret love:

Question 15

Mental representations of
what an individual expects to happen in close
relationships

Answer 15

Working model:

Question 16

what are the 3 attachment styles

Answer 16

anxious/ambivalent, avoidant, secure

Question 17

Have empathic accuracy: what is this, and who has it?

Answer 17

The ability to correctly infer partner’s thoughts and feelings
-anxious/ambivalent has it

Question 18

More likely to form a relationship with someone who is physically close to us
◦ For example: live on same block, work together,
same class in school
-happens at beginning of relationship

Answer 18

Physical proximity effect:

Question 19

-These are reasons for what?
-Increases likelihood of meeting someone
◦ Gain information about people
◦ Interact with a person, which is rewarding

Answer 19

the physical proximity effect

Question 20

- Repeated exposure to a neutral or mildly positive
stimulus increases liking
- Student in the bag demonstration

Answer 20

The mere exposure effect:

Question 21

percent of men and women use internet for “casual or

friendly” relationships

Answer 21

88.3% of male and 69.3% of female research
participants use the Internet to form “casual or
friendly” relationships

Question 22

percent of men and women use internet for intimate relationships

Answer 22

◦ 11.8% of men and 30.8% of women use the Internet

to form intimate relationships

Question 23

Internets impact on relationship intimacy

Answer 23

Internet for relationships appears to be
improving the quantity and quality of the interactions
and increasing relationship intimacy

Question 24

how are internet and regular relationships similar?

Answer 24

-Both types of relationships Improve over time
◦ Fewer differences between the two types of
relationships as relationships mature

Question 25

relationships online may not be

Answer 25

high quality

Question 26

We like others who? | -what hypothesis?

Answer 26

we perceive to be similar to ourselves -called the similarity hypothesis

Question 27

Complementarity hypothesis: | is this strong?

Answer 27

Like others with personality traits different from our own | -not as strong as similarity

Question 28

Individuals become involved with a partner with whom they are closely matched socially and physically

Answer 28

Matching principle

Question 29

Reasons for the similarity effect ◦ Social comparison: verification of attitudes and behaviors ◦ Predictability: Believe we can predict the behavior of similar others ◦ Reciprocal rewards: Greater rewards derived from similar others ◦ Reciprocity of liking: We like those who like us back Holds true unless the other person has some objectionable qualities

Answer 29

need to know

Question 30

1 Similarity is most important for |
2 Dissimilarity more important for

Answer 30

1 is important relationships we are committed to | 2 less important relationships

Question 31

In supervisor-subordinate relationships within organizations, what relates to more liking for supervisor by subordinate

Answer 31

dissimilarity

Question 32

Regardless of gender, when one person is what, the other tries to intensify an interaction?

Answer 32

physically attractive

Question 33

how do men and women act toward the opposate sex when they think they are attractive

Answer 33

Men are eager to initiate and maintain a conversation with a woman no matter how little reinforcement they get
Women try to establish an intimate relationship with an attractive man using common interests

Question 34

who is attractiveness more important for, men or women?

Answer 34

men, women are more likely to look for other charecteristics

Question 35

- Physically attractive people have higher standards for what is considered attractive -Attractive people expect less satisfaction in a relationship with others who are less attractive -Attractive people have less fear of rejection from another attractive person

Answer 35

Reasons for physical attractiveness matching

Question 36

what type of faces are most attractive? | -this is a good sign of reproductive health

Answer 36

symmetrical faces

Question 37

The tendency to confer a number of psychological and social advantages to physically attractive individuals

Answer 37

Physical attractiveness bias

Question 38

attractive people are more likely to (4) componets

Answer 38

be happier
have better prospects for good relationships
be smarter
have better career opportunities

Question 39

compared to non-type of what face to this actual type of face ◦ Are viewed as weak, submissive, warm, and naïve ◦ Are punished more severely for a transgression ◦ Become more aggressive and weak based on negative expectations

Answer 39

baby face

Question 40

Judgments of attractiveness related to | physique

Answer 40

ectomorph mesomorph endomarph

Question 41

what body type is most likely to be stigmatized

Answer 41

overweight

Question 42

how do overweight individuals face troubles?

Answer 42

- less desirable for jobs - less likely for marriage/dating - less likely to get financial help from home - medical workers are prejudice

Question 43

The attractiveness bias has what type of roots?

Answer 43

biological roots

Question 44

Much of the attractiveness bias is? | ◦although, what do babies do?

Answer 44

-learned, but not all, Innate mechanisms also involved -
Infants as young as three-months of age prefer attractive faces

Question 45

Men are driven by the what type of model

Answer 45

“good genes”

Question 46

women prefer mate with

Answer 46

resources

Question 47

-men most intimidated women will | women more worried about?

Answer 47

- men= worried about sleeping with another | - women= worried emotional content

Question 48

Stage 0, in relationship development

Answer 48

no relationship: Person’s status with | respect to virtually all other people in the world

Question 49

◦ Stage 1, in relationship development

Answer 49

awareness: Become aware of another | person and feel the beginning of interest

Question 50

◦ Stage 2, in relationship development

Answer 50

surface contact: Limited, superficial interaction (e.g., weather, sports, politics)
Mutual impression formation taking place

Question 51

◦ Stage 3, in relationship development

Answer 51

mutuality: Movement in substages, from | lesser to greater interdependence

Question 52

Ability and willingness to share | intimate areas of one’s life

Answer 52

◦ Self-disclosure:

Question 53

Social penetration theory

Answer 53

- Relationships vary in breadth and depth of interaction, progressing from slight and superficial contact to greater and deeper involvement ◦ Breadth increases first followed by increases in depth
- Breadth may actually decrease

Question 54

``` One’s concept of how a date should progress ◦ Guide behavior in a dating situation ◦ Derived from one’s cultural and personal experiences ```

Answer 54

Dating script:

Question 55

-Assess rewards (positive outcomes) and costs (negative outcomes) of a relationship -
Compare rewards and costs of a relationship against comparison levels

Answer 55

social exchange theory

Question 56

Compare relationship against | one’s internal standards?

Answer 56

Comparison level: | -part of social exchange

Question 57

Compare relationship against possible alternatives

Answer 57

Comparison level for alternatives: | -part of social exchange

Question 58

base relationships on rewards and costs, is stable

Answer 58

equity theory

Question 59

what motivates change ◦ Restore psychological equity

Answer 59

Inequity

Question 60

- A relationship in which individuals benefit each other in response to each other’s needs - May deliberately underbenefit oneself for the sake of the relationship

Answer 60

Communal relationship:

Question 61

Love relationships often governed by

Answer 61

communal principles

Question 62

Couples in long-term relationships show | increase on?

Answer 62

all measures of relationship satisfaction ◦ Feel that love grows stronger over time

Question 63

Couples who break up...

Answer 63

- show decline in relationship satisfaction ◦ Partners may still love each other, but other aspects of relationship degraded

Question 64

Relationship longevity predicted by two | factors

Answer 64

Belief in romantic destiny | ◦ Initial interaction was very positive

Question 65

- Partners in successful relationship “sculpt” each other - have positive views of each other - related to similarity effect

Answer 65

Michelangelo phenomenon:

Question 66

Actual similarity:

Answer 66

Degree to which partners possess | similar traits

Question 67

Degree to which one’s traits match | one’s own and partner’s standards

Answer 67

◦ Ideal similarity:

Question 68

- Inequity in relationship ◦ Bad behavior in the relationship ◦ Mere passage of time -these are related to?

Answer 68

conflicts in relationship

Question 69

Interacting in such a way that, despite conflict, a relationship is maintained and enhanced - most likely if relationship is happy and partners are committed to each other, where alternatives do not exist -not always positive

Answer 69

Accommodation process

Question 70

is strong predictor of | relationship duration

Answer 70

how conflict is handled

Question 71

does conflict cause breakup?

Answer 71

no, how it is handled

Question 72

a major relationship problem

Answer 72

infidelity

Question 73

A harmed individual showing decreased motivation to retaliate against, maintain distance from, and an increased tendency to express conciliation and goodwill toward one’s partner

Answer 73

Interpersonal forgiveness:

Question 74

◦ Conflict avoiding couple |

Answer 74

Accentuate positive and ignore negative

Question 75

Goffmans 3 types of couples | -mismatched styles is?

Answer 75

◦ Conflict avoiding couple ◦ Volatile couple ◦ Validating couple -mismatched can lead to dissolution

Question 76

◦ Volatile couple

Answer 76

Passionate in everything, including conflict

Question 77

◦ Validating couple

Answer 77

Listen carefully, compromise and reconcile differences

Question 78

Four horsemen of the apocalypse: 4 factors that lead to divorce

Answer 78

Criticism/complaining
Contempt
Defensiveness
Withdrawal from social interaction (Stonewalling)
Most destructive and very reliable predictor of divorce

Question 79

involves liking without romantic | love, involves intimacy, no passion/committment

Answer 79

friendship

Question 80

can Friendships be loving and intimate and | passionate?

Answer 80

true

Question 81

3 gender differences in friendships

Answer 81

◦ Males tend to engage in activities together ◦ Females share their emotional lives ◦ Men’s friendships are “side by side” women’s are “face to face”

Question 82

1
Women place more importance on |
2 Men’s close friendships

Answer 82

1 close friends | 2 last longer

Question 83

what is the need for affiliation?

Answer 83

A motivation that underlies our desire to establish and maintain rewarding interpersonal relationships (a desire to develop friendships) -women have higher need than men do

Question 84

need for intimacy

Answer 84

motivation to develop close/ affectionate relationships (a desire to develop love)

Question 85

A psychological state resulting when we perceive that there is inadequacy or a deprivation in our social relationships -does not depend on number of friends

Answer 85

Loneliness:

Question 86

why does social anxiety occur?

Answer 86

because of an individual’s anticipation of negative encounters with others

Question 87

compassionate love

Answer 87

has intimacy and commitment

Question 88

evolutionary theory

Answer 88

we want symmetry