chapter 8

Question 1

An aggregate is

Answer 1

a gathering of people, but it

is not necessarily a group

Question 2

has special characteristics than
sets it apart from an aggregate
◦ Members interact
◦ Members influence each other

Answer 2

A true group

Question 3

An aggregate of two or more
individuals who interact with and influence
one another

Answer 3

Group:

Question 4

6 characteristics of a group

• what is there between members
• have reasons for?
• what type of roles?
• what types of ties?
• do they depend on each other?

Answer 4

• Interaction and mutual influence among
  members
  -Groups have reasons for existence
  -Group have norms
  -Formal or informal roles
  - Members have emotional ties to each other
  -Interdependence among members

Question 5

Instrumental group

Answer 5

Perform a specific task

Committees and juries

Question 6

Affiliative group

Answer 6

Exist for a more general, social reasons

Question 7

The strength of the

relationships that link members of a group

Answer 7

group cohesiveness:

Question 8

Being around others regularly increases perception of

group membership

Answer 8

Physical closeness of members

Question 9

Cohesiveness related to mutual liking among members

Answer 9

mutual attraction of members

Question 10

why do groups form?

Answer 10

because they satisfy needs that

cannot be satisfied individually

Question 11

-Comparison of emotions, attitudes, behaviors, etc. with others
-Provides verification of our attitudes, beliefs and
behaviors
- Self-esteem preserved when we find out others fail at
a task

Answer 11

Social comparison

Question 12

Part of identity derived from group

affiliation

Answer 12

◦ Self-concept:

Question 13

The performance- enhancing effect of others on behavior for simple, well-learned behavior

Answer 13

Social facilitation:

Question 14

The performance-detracting effect of an audience or coactors on complex, not-well-learned behavior

Answer 14

Social inhibition:

Question 15

the presence of others is a source of and increases? and this is the?

Answer 15

arousal

and arousal model

Question 16

Presence of others will cause arousal only when they can reward or punish the performer

Answer 16

Evaluation apprehension:

Question 17

The presence of others is a source of distraction leading to
conflicts in attention between an audience
and a task

Answer 17

Distraction- conflict theory

Question 18

The performance inhibiting
effect of working in a group that involves
relaxing individual effort based on the belief
that others will take up the slack

Answer 18

Social loafing:

Question 19

Group members who do not do their share of the work in a group

Answer 19

Free riders:

Question 20

-More important task….

-Social compensation:

Answer 20

• less social loafing
• Working harder to make up for
  the weakness of others

Question 21

• (sucker effect)

- Larger group,

Answer 21

◦ More loafing if others are loafing

- more loafing

Question 22

A less competent group member increases performance when group performance depends on combined effort

Answer 22

Kohler effect:

Question 23

Kohler motivation gain and why it occurs

Answer 23

◦ Less capable member works harder than expected
-because feedback about member performance
increases competition between members

Question 24

is related to higher levels of hostility directed at members of out-group

Answer 24

Strong in-group identification

Question 25

-A number of factors predict one group’s reaction to other competing groups in society -does not sat we will discriminate against other groups, but lays the groundwork for it to occur

Answer 25

Self-identity theory (SIT)

Question 26

- An unattractive in-group member is perceived more negatively than an unattractive out-group member - similarly, attractive in-group member is rated more highly than attractive out-group member

Answer 26

Black-sheep effect

Question 27

The widespread and universal behavior of excluding or ignoring other individuals or groups

Answer 27

Ostracism

Question 28

- Physical ostracism

Answer 28

-includes solitary confinement, | exile, or the time-out room in grade school

Question 29

- Behaviors perceived by the victim as intended to be deliberate and harmful

Answer 29

- Punitive ostracism:

Question 30

Purpose of ostracism from the point of view | of the ostracizer

Answer 30

is controlling the behavior of | the victim

Question 31

Males respond to ostracism with
Females respond to ostracism is not only face to face interaction

Answer 31

- males=social loafing | - females=with greater effort

Question 32

A phenomenon occurring in large-groups in which individual identity is lost within the anonymity of those groups, perhaps leading to a lowering of inhibitions against negative behaviors

Answer 32

Deindividuation:

Question 33

- becomes impulsive, aroused, and wrapped up in the cues of the moment - increases with group size - is more likely to do what group is doing

Answer 33

deindividualized person

Question 34

do better in group or individually

Answer 34

Groups outperform the average individual member -Groups recognize a correct solution more quickly ◦ Groups reject errors more quickly ◦ Groups have more efficient memory systems

Question 35

A shared system for placing events into memory (encoding), storing memories, and retrieving information -ex. if someone in group is good at math, they are told to remember all math concepts

Answer 35

Transactive memory system:

Question 36

Different pieces of information are stored by different group members, but all members have access to the information -ex. scientists each that specialize in bio/chem/phys/ whatever can all access info

Answer 36

Differentiated transactive memory system:

Question 37

the same information is stored by each group member, with all group members having access to it - ex. biologists with the same speciality

Answer 37

Integrated transactive memory system:

Question 38

Group performs equally to what member? |

Answer 38

second best member and group perform | equally

Question 39

Groups use shared information, and avoid

Answer 39

unshared information

Question 40

A leader who shares power with the other members of the group and includes them in the decision making more likely to make incorrect decision

Answer 40

Participative leader:

Question 41

A leader who gives less value to participation, emphasizes the need for agreement, and tends to prefer his or her own solution - they are better at managing info

Answer 41

Directive leader:

Question 42

A leader who places emphasis on communicating group goals and expressing optimism about the group’s ability to reach those goals

Answer 42

Transformative leader:

Question 43

A leader who rewards positive outcomes but also focus on mistakes made by group members

Answer 43

Transactional leader:

Question 44

A group member’s feeling of obligation to obey the group’s leader

Answer 44

Legitimacy

Question 45

who performs better- high competence or low competence groups? remember iqs matter

Answer 45

Groups with high-competence members outperform those with low competence members

Question 46

- how do male groups work compared to female | - what types of juries take longer

Answer 46

Male groups do better when they have a specific task to work on
Female groups do better at communal activities involving friendship and social support -diverse juries take longer

Question 47

The illusion that members of small groups think they are more effective than larger groups, which may not be the case

Answer 47

Illusion of efficacy:

Question 48

- Task-based cohesiveness:

Answer 48

- Members mutual respect for each other’s abilities and skills

Question 49

Cohesiveness can detract from productivity if?

Answer 49

it becomes more important than solving a | problem

Question 50

A rule concerning the number of members of a group who must agree before a group can reach a decision

Answer 50

Decision rule:

Question 51

The winning alternative must receive | more than half the votes

Answer 51

Majority rule:

Question 52

-Intellective task:

Answer 52

-When one member solves problem the group uses it (truth wins)

Question 53

When a task involves a problem with no certain outcome, a decision rule with both majority and plurality rules works best

Answer 53

free

Question 54

The tendency for individual, prediscussion opinion to become more extreme following group discussion

Answer 54

Group polarization

Question 55

“A mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group; when the members’ striving for unanimity overrides their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action”

Answer 55

Groupthink

Question 56

the arousal model says what about simple/complex tasks?

Answer 56

we do worse on on difficult tasks that are unlearned or incompletely learned we have enhanced performance on well learned tasks

Question 57

what are the three sources of arousal

Answer 57

arousal theory evaluation theory distraction-conflict theory

Question 58

Kohler motivation gain only occurs when?

Answer 58

group members know how each member is performing, and not when performance level is anonymous

Question 59

- using the cold shoulder or the | silent treatment

Answer 59

- Social ostracism

Question 60

Consensus, all members must agree

Answer 60

◦ Unanimity rule:

Question 61

◦ Using ostracism preemptively when you think someone might feel negatively toward you

Answer 61

- Defensive ostracism:

Question 62

Groups outperform individuals when? |

Answer 62

on a difficult task

Question 63

does a groups iq equal the sum of the members iq's?

Answer 63

No the groups IQ is higher

Question 64

◦ Interpersonal cohesiveness:

Answer 64

-Members mutual liking

Question 65

◦ Judgmental task:

Answer 65

-Majority rule

Question 66

Group discussion allows us to compare our beliefs with those of others
Causes reassessment of individual belief and a shift to more extreme decision

Answer 66

Social comparison:

Question 67

The decision-making group does not seek analysis and information from sources outside the group

Answer 67

Group insulation:

Question 68

The leader presents his or her preferred solution to the problem before the group can evaluate all the evidence

Answer 68

◦ Promotional leadership:

Question 69

◦ Group homogeneity:

Answer 69

Groups that are made up of people of similar background and opinions are prone to have similar views