Test 2

Question 0

What helps in selecting the strategy

What has a strong influence on the strategy to be chosen?

What doesn’t need to be tied to particular research strategies?

Answer 0

Purpose

The research questions

Specific methods of investigation

Question 1

When choosing a study you don’t need to rank but know if you are performing what?

Answer 1

Is it an evaluation?

Question 2

Fixed design research strategies

2 of them

Answer 2

Experimental strategy

Non experimental research strategy

Question 3

Experimental strategy

Researcher does what? What do they introduce?

Answer 3

Researcher actively and deliberately introduces change this is to produce change in participants behavior

Question 4

Experimental research study typical features
-Individuals from where
-What is introduced on the variables? What is taken on the variables?
What do you have control over?
- what is being tested

Answer 4

Individuals from known populations

Intro planned change on one or more variables
Measurement on small number of variables

Control of other variables

Testing formal hypothesis

Question 5

Non experimental research study

What does researcher not attempt to change

Answer 5

Researcher does not attempt to change the situation, circumstances or experience of participants

Question 6

Non experimental typical features

• where are individuals selected from
• Big or small measurement

Answer 6

Select individuals from known populations

Measurement on relatively small number of variables

Question 7

3 flexible design strategies

Answer 7

Case study
Ethnographic study
Grounded theory study

Question 8

Case study

Answer 8

Development of detailed knowledge of single or small number of cases

Question 9

Features of case study

• Selection of case about what?
• study the case in its own…
• info is collected through what?

Answer 9

• Selection of case about group of interest or concern
• Study the case in its context
• Info collected through range of techniques, observation, interview, and documentary, qualitative

Question 10

Ethnographic study

Answer 10

To capture and interpret group, organization or community and how they make sense of there world

Question 11

Features of ethnographic study

Answer 11

Selection of group
One must become immersed in it
Use if participant observation

Question 12

Grounded theory study

Answer 12

Central aim is to generate theory from data collected during the study

Question 13

Grounded theory study features

• Applicable to ? Phenomena?
• what based?
• systematic and what?

Answer 13

Applicable to wide range of phenomena
Interview based
Systematic but flexible
provided detailed prescriptions for data analysis and theory generation

Question 14

Framework

Answer 14

Purposes and conceptual framework goes into research questions
Goes into
Methods and sampling strategy

Question 15

First 4 steps in carrying out a small scale interview questionnaire survey

• what needs to be developed
• what are you testing
• what is revised
• pretest of what and what do you use?

Answer 15

1 development of research questions design and draft of questionnaire
2 informal testing of draft
3 revise draft questionnaire
4 pretest of revised draft using interviews

Question 16

Last 4 steps of small scale interview based questionnaire

• what do you always revise
• what do you carry out in relation to the data
• two last things you do with the date

Answer 16

5 revise questionnaire again
6 carry out main data collection interviews
7 code data and prepare data files
8 analyze data and write report

Question 17

Typical features of survey
Collection of how much data in what form with how many people?
Samples come from where?

Answer 17

Collection of small amount of data in standardized form with lots of people

The selection of representative samples of individual from known populations

Question 18

Disadvantages of all questionnaire based surveys
General to all surveys with respondents
- data are affected by what?
- what might respondents not do?

Answer 18

Data are affected by characteristics of respondents

Respondents won’t necessarily report their beliefs attitudes accurately

Question 19

Disadvantages to postal, internet self administered surveys
-Low or high response rates? Do we know if sample is representative?
-What happens to misunderstandings of surveys?
How do respondents take the test?

Answer 19

Have low response rate- you don’t know if sample of respondents is representative

Ambiguities/ misunderstandings of survey go undetected

Respondents may not treat seriously

Question 20

Disadvantages to interview studies

Answer 20

Data affected by characteristics of interviewers, interviewer unknowingly influences respondents

Data affected by interactions of interviewer/ respondent

Respondents aren’t as forthcoming because not anonymous

Question 21

Advantages to all surveys
- what do they provide?
- they are adapted to collect what?
How much data standardization?

Answer 21

1Provide simple and straightforward approach to study attitudes values beliefs and motives
2 adapted to collect generalizable info
3 high amounts of data standardization

Question 22

Advantages to postal a internet surveys
-They are the easist way to do what?
High or low cost?
- what do they allow so that people speak frankly

Answer 22

Easiest way of getting info from large amounts of people

Efficient, low cost and in short time

Allow anonymity encouraging frankness

Question 23

Interview surveys advantages

• What can interviewer do?
• What does interviewer encourage?

Answer 23

Interviewer can clarify questions

Encourages participation and envolvement

Question 24

Types of scales likert scale - What must you gather first? - Then what must you decide on

Answer 24

Aka summaries rating scale - Gather pool of relevant items - decide on a response categorization system

Question 25

Advantages of observation Is it direct or indirect? Is it appropriate and accurate? Can it help with other info?

Answer 25

1Direct- not relaying on asking people for info 2A useful complement for info obtained by other methods 3appears to be appropriate for understanding real life

Question 26

Disadvantages of observation Danger of what? Time?

Answer 26

1 danger of reactivity 2 time consuming 3 development of a structured observation schedule and facility in its use very time consuming

Question 27

When participant observation might be useful in small project 1 with what types of groups 2for what that take a reasonably short time 3 for what type events 4what activities 5 when prime motivation is 6 when your time is

Answer 27

``` 1 small groups 2 events and processes 3 frequent events 4activities accessible to observer 5 prime motivation is to find out what is going on 6 have lots of time ```

Question 28

Participant observer roles they can take

Answer 28

The complete participant Participant as observer Marginal participant Observer as participant

Question 29

Process of analytic induction 1 what must you formulate 2 put forward what in relation to the phenomenon 3what do you study in light of the hypothesis to determine if it fits

Answer 29

1 a rough definition 2 initial hypothesis 3 the situation

Question 30

``` 4 issues in recording participant observation 1 how should you capture info 2 if possible do what 3 what to add after 4 getting right takes how long ```

Answer 30

1Critical to have system to capture information faithfully and fully 2 make record of observation 3 go through after to add detail and ensure its understandable 4 getting right may take time as long as original observation

Question 31

Issues in recording participant observation 1 if can't record on the spot 2 never start second session until when

Answer 31

1 notes should be made ASAP | 2 until you have sorted your first notes

Question 32

Observational bias- ways observation can be bias

Answer 32

Selective attention Selective encoding Selective memory Interpersonal factors

Question 33

``` Guidelines for getting full record participant observation 1 be what? 2 distinguish comments from who 3 add recalls and 4 personal what 5 look for additional what ```

Answer 33

``` 1 be concrete 2 distinguish comments from members 3 add interpretive ideas 4 personal impressions and feelings 5 look for additional info ```

Question 34

Non experimental studies aka?

Answer 34

Quasi- experimental, not just one caused factor | Correlational- looking at patterns but can't say there is causation

Question 35

Experimental groups have according to merrifield 1) have order or are they random? 2) have what type of groups? 3) have what type if variable?

Answer 35

- Random - Treatment groups- groups that are the same except the variable - experimental treatment aka independent variable

Question 36

Features of a good questionnaire - it provides what? - it gets what out if the respondents? - what type of info is elicited?

Answer 36

Provides a valid measure of research questions Gets cooperation of correspondents Elicits accurate info

Question 37

Probability sampling What is simple random sampling? What is combining sampling

Answer 37

Gets a truly random sample, using a random number generator or something Different from random convenient is where you look at individuals who are convenient

Question 38

Probability sampling | Systematic sampling

Answer 38

Uses a system- like dividing telephone book up and every 5th person is called

Question 39

Stratified random sampling Cluster samples

Answer 39

Where you break up the groups so it might be random amongst men or women for example This is where you cluster groups togeather

Question 40

Non probability samples | Quota sampling and dimensional sampling

Answer 40

Quota sampling- the researcher may have a certain number of 12 year olds to survey to meet quota Dimensional sampling-extension of quota sampling researcher ensures there are enough people from each group

Question 41

Sampling non probability sampling convenience sampling

Answer 41

When researcher questions who is convenient

Question 42

Snowball sampling

Answer 42

Non probability sampling | Respondents recruit future subjects

Question 43

Purposive sampling

Answer 43

Non probability sampling, researcher scholars who they beat see fit

Question 44

Indicates of lack of reactivity

Answer 44

Pattern of interaction stabilizes over sessions Different observers code identical patterns for diff sessions Members of group accept presence but don't seek intro action Group member say presence doesn't affect them

Question 45

When choosing a study, what three types of strategies are there to choose from

Answer 45

Fixed flexible Or multi strategy

Question 46

When choosing a study, you need to know if it's what type of research?

Answer 46

Is it action research

Question 47

Non experimental typical features - Allocate the samples to what type of experimental conditions - Big or small measurement

Answer 47

Allocation of samples to different experimental conditions | Measurement on relatively small number of variables

Question 48

Non experimental typical features - what do they control - Hypothesis testing?

Answer 48

- Control over other variables | - May/ may not include hypothesis testing

Question 49

Typical features of survey - what type of design? Fixed or flexible

Answer 49

Uses a fixed design

Question 50

Likert scales - Who must you ask about what? - What do you obtain and from who? - Then do a?

Answer 50

- ask a large number of respondents their attitudes - get respondents total scores - select items for an item analysis

Question 51

Process of analytic induction 4what if hypothesis doesn't fit evidence 5The last step is to do a what?

Answer 51

4then must reformulate hypothesis or phenomena redefined to be excluded 5 do a second session