Ch. 13 Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
4 Major Portions of the Brain
A
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Diencephalon
- BrainStem
2
Q
Ridges of outer surface of brain
A
Gyri
3
Q
Depressions of outer surface of brain
A
Sulci
4
Q
Deep Sulci of outer surface of brain
A
Fissures
5
Q
Another term for Anterior
A
Rostral
6
Q
Another term for rostral
A
Anterior
7
Q
Another term for posterior
A
Caudal
8
Q
_______ Matter: Made of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and Unmyelinated axons.
A
Gray
9
Q
What type of brain matter contains unmyelinated axons?
A
Grey Matter
10
Q
Gray matter surface of the cerebrum
A
Cerebral Cortex
11
Q
Regions of grey matter (clusters of cell bodies) found deep in the cerebrum
A
Cerebral Nuclei
12
Q
_________ Matter: Consists of myelinated axons
A
White
13
Q
Connective tissue membrane surrounding the CNS
A
Meninges
14
Q
This meninges is the most superficial, termed “tough mother”
A
Dura Mater
15
Q
Dura Mater is made of what type of CT
A
Dense irregular
16
Q
This meninges is made of web like collagen and elastic fibers
A
Arachnoid Mater
17
Q
This meninges is bound tightly to the brain
A
Pia Mater
18
Q
Pia mater is made of what type of CT
A
Areolar CT
19
Q
The epidural and subdural spaces between Meninges contains ___________
A
Blood Vessels
20
Q
The subarachnoid space contains ___________
A
CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)
21
Q
Cavities filled with CSF and lined with Ependymal Cells.
A
Ventricles
22
Q
Clear, colorless liquid surrounding CNS.
Provides buoyancy, cushioning, and stable chemical environment.
A
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
23
Q
The choroid plexus forms….
A
CSF
24
Q
In the Blood Brain Barrier, endothelial cells are connected by many ______ Junctions.
A
Tight
25
In the Blood Brain Barrier, specialized capillaries are wrapped by ______________ feet (Astrocyte Extensions)
Perivascular
26
The BBB functions to…
1. _________ the substances entering brain's interstitial fluid
2. Helps prevent neuron exposure to __________ substances (ex. drugs, waste)
1. Regulate
1. Harmful
27
Origin of all complex intellectual functions
Cerebrum
28
Made up of two large hemispheres on superior aspect of the brain
Cerebrum
29
The _________ is the center of…
Intelligence and reasoning, memory, judgement, voluntary motor activities.
Cerebrum
30
The *largest* white matter tract connecting the 2 hemispheres of the Cerebrum.
Corpus callosum
31
In the cerebrum, connections with the body are normally \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
crossed
32
In the Cerebrum, the left hemisphere receives sensory signals from the _______ side of the body and sends motor signals to the _______ side of the body.
Right & Right
33
Term recognizing that a few higher-order functions are primarily controlled by one side of the brain
Lateralization
34
Speech is frequently located in _______ cerebral hemisphere.
Left
35
The Primary Motor Cortex is part of what lobe of the cerebrum?
Frontal
36
The primary motor cortex is located in the ____________ gyrus, of the frontal lobe.
Precentral
37
This functional area of the cerebrum controls skeletal muscle activity on opposite sides of the body.
Primary motor cortex
38
Motor\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; a map of controlled body regions whose proportions reflect the amount of cortex dedicated to each region
Homunculus
39
This functional area of the cerebrum controls movements for vocalization.
Motor speech Area // Broca Area
40
This functional area of the cerebrum coordinates learned, skilled activites
Premotor Cortex
41
Broca's area (Motor speech area) is found in what lobe of the cerebrum?
Frontal
42
Premotor Cortex is found in what lobe of the cerebrum?
Frontal
43
The Somatic Motor Association Area is also known as the…
Premotor Cortex
44
This functional area of the cerebrum receives somatic sensory information from… Proprioceptors, touch, pressure, pain, temp. receptors.
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
45
This functional area of the cerebrum integrates touch information allowing for us to identify objects by feel
Somatosensory association area
46
The Primary Somatosensory cortex is found in what lobe of the cerebrum?
Parietal
47
The Somatosensory Association Area is found in what lobe of the Cerebrum?
Parietal
48
Sensory \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Distorted proportions reflect the amount of sensory information collected from the region. Large regions for lips, fingers, genitals.
Homunculus
49
This functional area of the cerebrum integrates color, form, and allows us to identify things from memory. Serves as visual association area.
Primary visual cortex.
50
The Primary Visual cortex is located in what lobe of the Cerebrum?
Occipital
51
This functional area of the cerebrum is the auditory association area, interprets sounds, stores and retrieves memories of sounds.
Primary Auditory cortex
52
The primary auditory cortex is located in what lobe of the cerebrum?
Temporal
53
This functional area of the cerebrum provides conscious awareness of smells.
Primary Olfactory Cortex
54
The Primary olfactory cortex is found in what lobe of the cerebrum?
Temporal
55
This functional area of the cerebrum is located within the *insula* and is involved in processing taste information.
Primary Gustatory Cortex
56
This functional area of the cerebrum is responsible for complex thought, judgement, personality, planning, and decision making.
Prefrontal Cortex
57
This functional area of the cerebrum is involved in language comprehension.
Wernicke's Area
58
This functional area of the cerebrum integrates information from a variety of sensory association areas. Sights, smells, sound converge and brain becomes aware of situation.
Gnostic area // Common Integrative Area
59
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tracts: groups of white matter within the same hemisphere.
Association
60
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tracts: groups of white matter between 2 hemispheres. Ex. Corpus Callosum
Commissural
61
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tracts: Link cerebral cortex to inferior brain regions and spinal cord
(ex. Internal Capsule)
Projection
62
Cerebral \_\_\_\_\_\_\_: grey matter deep in cerebrum that help regulate motor output
Nuclei
63
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Nucleus: Helps produce pattern and rhythm of walking movements.
Caudate
64
Disease of these nuclei are associated with involuntary movements
cerebral nuclei
65
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Nucleus: Made up of Putamen and Globus Pallidus
Lentiform
66
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Part of Lentiform Nucleus, helps control movements at subconscious level
Putamen
67
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Part of Lentiform Nucleus, influences thalamus to adjust muscle tone
Globus Pallidus
68
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Body is also known as the Amygdala
Amygdaloid
69
Amygdaloid body is a ___________ nuclei.
Cerebral
70
This part of the cerebral nuclei functions in mood, and emotions
Amygdala
71
This part of the cerebral nuclei processes visual information on a subconscious level.
Claustrum
72
This part of the cerebral nuclei has a striated or striped appearance of the internal capsule, and includes the Caudate nucleus and Lentiform nucleus
Corpus Striatum
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Provides relays and switching centers for sensory, motor, and visceral pathways.
Diencephalon
74
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Includes Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
Diencephalon
75
The epithalamus covers what ventricle/
third
76
The pineal gland and habenular nuclei are found in what structure?
Epithalamus
77
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gland: Endocrine gland secreting melatonin, responsible for circadian rhythm
Pineal
78
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nuclei: Helps relay signals from limbic system to midbrain, involved in visceral and emotional responses to odors
Habenular
79
Oval masses of grey matter on lateral sides of third ventricle
Thalamus
80
Connects left and right thalamus
Interthalamic region
81
The thalamus receives signals from all conscious senses **except**…
Olfaction
82
Thalamus is composed of ~12 ___________ nuclei
Thalamic
83
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: stalk of pituitary that extends from hypothalamus
Infundibulum
84
This region of the Diencephalon is responsible for… HR, BP, body temp, emotional bx, food and water intake, and sleep-wake rhythms.
Hypothalamus
85
Connects the cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to spinal cord.
Brain stem
86
The brainstem contains ___________ and ________ tracts.
Ascending & Descending
87
Contains autonomic nuclei, nuclei of cranial nerves, and reflex centers.
Brain Stem
88
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Brainstem
89
Cerebral _________ of Midbrain carry voluntary motor commands from primary motor cortex, via motor tracts
Penduncles
90
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: contains 4 mounds, making a tectal plate
Tectum
91
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Colliculi of Tectal plate control visual reflexes and tracking.
Superior
92
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Colliculi of Tectal plate control Auditory Reflexes
inferior
93
Medial \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: part of midbrain that has bands of ascending, myelinated axons running through the brainstem.
Lemniscus
94
Cluster of cells within midbrain, with black appearance d/t melanin.
Substantia Nigra
95
This structure houses neurons producing dopamine
Substantia Nigra
96
Degeneration of this structure results in Parkinson's disease
Substantia Nigra
97
This part of the midbrain is involved in postural motor control, contains red nuclei and reticular formation.
Tegmentum
98
The Tegmentum houses nuclei of CN _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
III and IV
99
This structure of the midbrain connects the third and fourth ventricles, and is surrounded by Periaqueductal gray matter
Cerebral Aqueduct
100
Bulging region on anterior brainstem, includes sensory and motor tracts connecting brain to spinal cord
Pons
101
The ________ includes the respiratory center, the superior olivary nuclei, and cranial nerve nuclei to CN V to CN VIII
Pons
102
The Superior olivary nuclei in the Pons helps with sound \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Localization
103
The pons has cranial nerve nuclei for CN _____ **TO** CN \_\_\_\_\_
CN V to CN VIII
104
This structure is continuous with the spinal cord inferiorly, and contains pyramids, olives.
Medulla Oblongata
105
The ________ of the Medulla Oblongata house the corticospinal tracts for motor control.
Pyramids
106
Most Corticospinal tract axons cross at the ______________ of the pyramids.
Decussation
107
The _____________ of the medulla oblongata relay proprioceptive information to the cerebellum.
Olives
108
Within the medulla oblongata, the ____________ center regulates the heart's output.
Cardiac
109
Within the medulla oblongata, the _____________ center regulates blood vessel diameter.
Vasomotor
110
Within the medulla oblongata, the ______________ Respiratory Center contains nuclei for various functions including coughing, sneezing, vomiting.
Medullary
111
Within the Medulla Oblongata, the Nucleus ____________ and Nucleus _______________ receive somatic sensory information, and send signals through medial lemniscus to thalamus.
Cuneatus and Gracilis
112
The 2nd largest brain area
Cerebellum
113
Convoluted surface of the Cerebellum with folia (folds)
Cerebellar Cortex
114
The _________ of the Cerebellum receives sensory signals regarding the torso and balance.
Vermis
115
The _____________ of the Cerebellum is the internal region of white matter.
Arbor Vitae
116
The three Cerebellar Peduncles are:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: To midbrain
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: To Pons
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: To Medulla Oblongata
Superior : To midbrain
Middle : To Pons
Inferior : To Medulla Oblongata
117
This structure of the brain is responsible for coordinating and “fine-tuning” movements, helps maintain equilibrium and posture, and stores memories of previously learned movements.
Cerebellum
118
Drugs and alcohol can impair the function of what brain region? Leading to disturbance of gait, loss of balance, and inability to detect proprioceptive information.
Cerebellum
119
this system is also known as the “Emotional Brain”
Limbic System
120
Composed of Cingulate Gyrus, Parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix
Limbic System
121
This structure helps form long-term memories
Hippocampus
(Hint: you would remember a hippo on campus)
122
The Amygdala is responsible for emotions and emotional memory, especially what emotion?
Fear
123
This structure connects the hippocampus with other limbic structures
Fornix
124
Loosely organized grey matter of the brainstem.
Reticular Formation
125
The motor component of the ___________________ regulates muscle tone via spinal cord connections.
Reticular Formation
126
The sensory component of the reticular formation is also known a the…
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
127
The Reticular activating system is the __________ component of the reticular formation
Sensory
128
The _______________ of the Reticular formation is necessary for the highest state of consciousness.
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
