Ch. 7 Skeletal System Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
What are the three types of cartilage?
A
Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic.
2
Q
Connects Muscle to Bone
A
Tendon
3
Q
Connects Bone to Bone
A
Ligament
4
Q
Tendons and ligaments are made up of what kind of Connective Tissue?
A
Dense Regular Connective Tissue.
5
Q
What type of Tissue is this?
A
Dense Regular CT
6
Q
Where does Hematopoiesis occur?
A
Red bone marrow
7
Q
Blood cells and platelets are formed by…
A
Stem cells
8
Q
What minerals are stored in bones?
A
Calcium and Phosphate
9
Q
What mineral is essential for… muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmission.
A
Calcium
10
Q
What mineral is essential for ATP utilization, plasma membrane?
A
Phosphate
11
Q
Lipids are stored in ____________ of adult bones.
A
Yellow Bone Marrow
12
Q
How are bones classified by shape?
A
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
13
Q
Shaft of a bone is called…
A
Diaphysis
14
Q
What is the hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a bone?
A
Medullary Cavity
15
Q
The medullary cavity contains _______ bone marrow in children.
A
Red
16
Q
The medullary cavity contains _______ bone marrow in adults.
A
Yellow
17
Q
Distal or Proximal End of long bone
A
Epiphysis
18
Q
The outer, thin layer of the epiphysis is made of…
A
Compact bone
19
Q
The inner region of the epiphysis is made of…
A
Spongy bone
20
Q
This covers the joint surface of bones.
A
Articular Cartilage
21
Q
Articular cartilage is made up of a thin layer of what type of cartilage?
A
Hyaline
22
Q
Articular cartilage covers the joint surface, reduces friction, and absorbs ___________.
A
Shock
23
Q
Structure between diaphysis and epiphysis.
A
Metaphysis
24
Q
The epiphyseal or growth plate is in what region of bone.
A
Metaphysis
25
What structure provides for lengthwise bone growth?
Epiphyseal (growth) plate
26
In children the growth plate is a thin layer of _________ _____________.
Hyaline Cartilage
27
In adults, the growth plate previously made of cartilage, is replaced with ….
Bone
28
The tough sheath cover the outer surface of bone
Periosteum
29
What type of connective tissues makes up the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum?
Dense Irregular CT
30
What connects the periosteum to bone?
Collagen fibers
31
The inner cellular layer of the periosteum includes what two types of cells?
Osteoblasts, and Osteoclasts
32
Collagen fibers that connect the periosteum to bone are called what?
Perforating Fibers
33
Perforating fibers connect bone to _____________.
Periosteum
34
What structure covers all internal surfaces of bone within the medullary cavity?
Endosteum
35
This structure contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.
Endosteum
36
Short, flat, and irregular bones lack what cavity?
Medullary Cavity
37
Bone tissue is (living or non-living)
Living
38
Bones are/aren't highly vascularized
ARE
39
Bones are/aren't richly innervated.
ARE
40
Bones contain mainly what type of nerve?
Sensory
41
Red bone marrow is made of ____________ connective tissue.
Reticular
42
In children ____________ is located in spongy bone and the medullary cavity of long bones.
Red Bone Marrow
43
Adults mostly have what type of bone marrow?
Yellow
44
Fxn of Osteoprogenitor Cells
Produce Osteoblasts
45
This type of cell produces osteoblasts
Osteoprogenitor Cells
46
This type of cell produces matrix of the bone.
Osteoblasts
47
Fxn of Osteoblasts...
Produce matrix of bone
48
Fxn of Osteoclasts...
Reabsorb matrix, using enzymes and HCl
49
This type of cell reabsorbs the bone matrix, using enzymes and HCl...
Osteoclasts
50
Fxn of Osteocytes...
Maintain bone matrix
51
This type of cell maintains the bone matrix...
Osteocytes
52
Organic component of bone matrix:
Osteoid
53
Inorganic component of bone matrix:
Salt Crystals, Hydroxyapatite
54
Osteoid is produced by what type of cells.
Osteoblasts
55
This is a collagen protein and semisolid ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins...
Osteoid
56
Osteoid contributes to what structural characteristic of bone?
Flexibility
57
Osteoid contributes to what structural characteristic of bone?
Flexibility
58
Salt crystals [Hydroxyapatite] contribute to what structural characteristic of bone?
Harden matrix/Rigidity
59
The basic functional and structural unit of mature, compact bone.
Osteons
60
Osteons are oriented ______________ to bone diaphysis.
Parallel
61
Another name for Osteons is......
Haversian Systems
62
The central canal of an Osteon contains what?
Blood vessels and nerves
63
Concentric Lamellae of a Osteon surround what?
Central Canal
64
Concentric Lamellae are rings of ___________ CT.
Bone
65
What types of cells are found in the small spaces between concentric lamellae (Lacunae)?
Osteocytes
66
What are the tiny canals occupied by osteocyte processes? Where nutrients and waste move through?
Canaliculi
67
In an Osteon, cells can transfer nutrients from one cell to the next through _____ junctions.
Gap
68
Perforating (Volkman) Canals are oriented (parallel/perpendicular) to central canals?
Perpendicular
69
What structure connects central canals within different osteons?
Perforating (Volkman) canals
70
This structure encircles the circumference of the bone or medullary cavity: _____________ Lamellae
Circumferential
71
_______________ Lamellae are the components of compact bone between Osteons, and are made of partially resorbed osteons.
Interstitial
72
This type of Lamellae have NO central canal associated with them...
Interstitial Lamellae
73
The open lattice of narrow rods and plates of bones, where bone marrow fills the spaces
Trabeculae
74
Trabeculae contain _____________ Lamellae
Parallel
75
The Gel-like ground substance of what structure includes proteoglycans but NOT calcium?
Hyaline Cartilage
76
___________ Cartilage is highly compressible and. good shock absorber.
Hyaline
77
_____________ Cartilage is avascular and contains no nerves.
Hyaline
78
What type of cell produces cartilage matrix?
Chondroblasts
79
What type of cell reside in the Lacunae and maintain the matrix of cartilage?
Chondrocytes
80
This dense irregular connective tissue covers the cartilage and helps it to maintain its shape
Perichondrium
81
Cartilage grows in length via ______________ growth
Interstitial
82
Interstitial growth occurs ________ in cartilage
Deep
83
Steps of Interstitial Growth:
1) __________ within lacuna divide
2) Two cells, Chondroblasts, occupy a single lacuna
3) Chondroblasts secrete new matrial and are pushed apart. Each is now a chondrocyte.
4) Cartilage continues to grow internally.
Chondrocytes
84
Steps of Interstitial Growth:
1) Chondrocytes within lacuna divide
2) Two cells, ____________, occupy a single lacuna
3) Chondroblasts secrete new matrial and are pushed apart. Each is now a chondrocyte.
4) Cartilage continues to grow internally.
Chondroblasts
85
Steps of Interstitial Growth:
1) Chondrocytes within lacuna divide
2) Two cells, Chondroblasts, occupy a single lacuna
3) Chondroblasts secrete new material and are pushed apart. Each is now a _______________.
4) Cartilage continues to grow internally.
Chondrocyte
86
Cartilage grows in width via ______________ growth.
Appositional
87
Appositional growth of cartilage occurs where?
Outside edge of Cartilage
88
Steps of Appositional Growth:
1) ________ cells at edge of Perichondrium begin to divide
2) From one stem cell dividing 1 stem cell and 1 chondroblast are formed
3) Chondroblasts push apart and become chondrocytes
Stem
89
Steps of Appositional Growth:
1) Stem cells at edge of ______________ begin to divide
2) From one stem cell dividing 1 stem cell and 1 chondroblast are formed
3) Chondroblasts push apart and become chondrocytes
Perichondrium
90
Steps of Appositional Growth:
1) Stem cells at edge of Perichondrium begin to divide
2) From one stem cell dividing, 1 stem cell and 1 ___________ are formed
3) Chondroblasts push apart and become chondrocytes
Chondroblast
91
Steps of Appositional Growth:
1) Stem cells at edge of Perichondrium begin to divide
2) From one stem cell dividing 1 stem cell and 1 chondroblast are formed
3) _______________ push apart and become ________________
Chondroblasts push apart and become Chondrocytes
92
Process of formation and development of bone CT is called...
Ossification/Osteogenesis
93
Two types of bone formation are...
Intramembranous Ossification &
| Endochondral Ossification
94
Bone growth within a membrane is known as...
Intramembranous Ossification
95
What type of ossification forms many skull bones?
Intramembranous
96
Steps of Intramembranous Ossification:
1) ____________ centers form - Osteoprogenitor cells and Osteoblasts secreting _________
2) Osteoid undergoes calcification - Entrapped cells become osteocytes
3) Woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
4) Lamellar Bone (Secondary bone) replaces woven bone - Compact and spongy bone form from trabeculae
Ossification / Secrete Osteoid
97
Steps of Intramembranous Ossification:
1) Ossification centers form - Osteoprogenitor cells and Osteoblasts secreting osteoid
2) Osteoid undergoes _____________ - Entrapped cells become ___________
3) Woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
4) Lamellar Bone (Secondary bone) replaces woven bone - Compact and spongy bone form from trabeculae
Calcification / Osteocytes
98
Steps of Intramembranous Ossification:
1) Ossification centers form - Osteoprogenitor cells and Osteoblasts secreting osteoid
2) Osteoid undergoes calcification - Entrapped cells become osteocytes
3) __________ bone and surrounding periosteum form
4) Lamellar Bone (Secondary bone) replaces woven bone - Compact and spongy bone form from trabeculae
Woven
99
Steps of Intramembranous Ossification:
1) Ossification centers form - Osteoprogenitor cells and Osteoblasts secreting osteoid
2) Osteoid undergoes calcification - Entrapped cells become osteocytes
3) Woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
4) __________ Bone (Secondary bone) replaces woven bone - Compact and spongy bone form from trabeculae
Lamellar
100
Intramembranous ossification begin when ____________ thickens with capillaries.
Mesenchyme
101
Endochondral Ossification begins with the ____________ cartilage model.
Hyaline
102
Endochondral ossification produces ______ bones of the skeleton
MOST
103
Steps of Endochondral Ossification:
1) Fetal _________cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
Hyaline
104
Steps of Endochondral Ossification:
1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage ________, and a __________ bone collar forms
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
Calcifies and a Peri-osteal bone collar forms
105
Steps of Endochondral Ossification:
1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in ___________
- Bone development extends in both directions toward __________
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
Diaphysis
| towards Epiphyses
106
Steps of Endochondral Ossification:
1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in __________
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
Epiphyses
107
Steps of Endochondral Ossification:
1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow ___________ cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
Medullary
108
Steps of Endochondral Ossification:
1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except ________ cartilage and __________plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
Articular Cartilage and Epiphyseal plates
109
Steps of Endochondral Ossification:
1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal ___________
lines
110
Epiphyseal plates are also known as...
Growth Plates
111
Lengthwise bone growth continues until...
Puberty
112
Bone growth continues until the ___________ __________ is converted to the epiphyseal line
Epiphyseal Plate
113
Bone growth in diameter or thickness is ____________ growth.
Appositional
114
Bone growth in length is ______________ growth.
Interstitial
115
_____________ bone growth is dependent on cartilage growth in epiphyseal plate
Interstitial
116
Five zones of the Epiphyseal Plate:
1: Zone of _______ Cartilage
2: Zone of proliferating cartilage
3: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4: Zone of calcified cartilage
5: Zone of Ossification
Resting
117
Five zones of the Epiphyseal Plate:
1: Zone of Resting Cartilage
2: Zone of ________ cartilage
3: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4: Zone of calcified cartilage
5: Zone of Ossification
Proliferating
118
Five zones of the Epiphyseal Plate:
1: Zone of Resting Cartilage
2: Zone of proliferating cartilage
3: Zone of _________ cartilage
4: Zone of calcified cartilage
5: Zone of Ossification
Hypertrophic
119
Five zones of the Epiphyseal Plate:
1: Zone of Resting Cartilage
2: Zone of proliferating cartilage
3: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4: Zone of _______ cartilage
5: Zone of Ossification
Calcified
120
Five zones of the Epiphyseal Plate:
1: Zone of Resting Cartilage
2: Zone of proliferating cartilage
3: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4: Zone of calcified cartilage
5: Zone of __________
Ossification
121
In this zone of the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes undergo rapid mitotic division.
Zone of Proliferating Cartilage
122
In this zone of the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes cease dividing and begin to hypertrophy
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
123
In what two zones of the epiphyseal plate does bone growth occur?
2 (Proliferating Cartilage) & 3 (Hypertrophic catilage)
124
In what zone of the epiphyseal plate, does deposition of minerals between columns of lacunae occur? Chondrocytes are also destroyed in this zone.
Zone of Calcified Cartilage
125
What zone of the epiphyseal plate is invaded by capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells, as new bone matrix is deposited on the calcified cartilage matrix?
Zone of ossification
126
Appositional growth of bone occurs within the ____________
Periosteum
127
During appositional growth, bone matrix is deposited within layers __________ to the surface.
Parallel
128
During appositional growth, ___________resorb bone matrix along the medullary cavity
osteoclasts
129
Bone remodeling is influenced by hormones and ___________ stress.
Mechanical
130
_________ Stress occurs in weight bearing movement and exercise
Mechanical
131
Mechanical Stress ____________ the synthesis of Osteoid, causing an increase in bone strength.
Increases
132
What two hormones primarily regulate blood calcium
Calcitriol
| Parathyroid Hormone
133
Calcitriol stimulates the _______________ of calcium ions from small intestine into the blood.
Absorption
134
Calcitriol is derived from Vitamin __________
D3
135
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released in response to __________ blood calcium levels.
Reduced
136
Release of parathyroid hormone ____________ osteoclast activity in bone
Increases
137
Release of parathyroid hormone __________ calcium reabsorption in kidneys.
Increases
138
A hormone with a less significant role in regulating blood calcium levels is...
Calcitonin
139
Calcitonin is released from the ________ gland.
Thyroid
140
Calcitonin is released in response to ___________ blood calcium levels
Elevated
141
What hormone inhibits osteoclast activity?
Calcitonin
142
What hormone stimulates the kidneys to increase the loss of calcium through the urine?
Calcitonin
