Ch. 2: Atoms, Ions, Molecules Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
____________ : A molecule composed of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio. Can be ionic or molecular.
A
Compound
2
Q
What kind of bonds are formed when cations and anions are bound together by electrostatic forces?
A
Ionic
3
Q
Salts (Ex. NaCl) are made up of what types of bonds?
A
Ionic
4
Q
When atoms are bonded due to a sharing of electrons this is called a ___________ bond.
A
Covalent
5
Q
Nonpolar Covalent Bond: Electrons are shared ___________.
A
Equally
6
Q
Polar Covalent Bond: Electrons are shared ___________.
A
Unequally
7
Q
Amphipathic
A
A molecule with polar and non-polar regions.
8
Q
A molecule with polar and non-polar regions.
A
Amphipathic Molecule
9
Q
Hydrogen bonds are generally (strong or weak) chemical attractions between molecules.
A
Weak
10
Q
__________ bonds form by the attraction of opposite partial charges between two polar molecules.
A
Hydrogen
11
Q
Substances that dissolve and or dissociate in water are considered…
A
Hydrophilic
12
Q
Electrolytes can conduct ____________.
A
Current
13
Q
Ions and polar molecules are [hydrophilic or hydrophobic]
A
Hydrophilic
14
Q
Substances that do not dissolve in water are considered…
A
Hydrophobic
15
Q
[hydrophilic or hydrophobic] substances require carrier proteins to be transported within the blood.
(Ex. fats and cholesterol)
A
Hydrophobic
16
Q
Are hydrophobic molecules polar or nonpolar?
A
Nonpolar
17
Q
________ dissociate in water to produce H+ and an anion.
A
Acids
18
Q
Acids are proton ___________.
A
Donors
19
Q
A strong acid dissociates _________ into its ions.
A
Completely
20
Q
_________ Accept H+ when added to solution.
A
Bases
21
Q
Bases are proton ___________.
A
Acceptors
22
Q
When added to solution _________ decrease the concentration of free H+
A
Bases
23
Q
When added to solution ____________ increase the concentration of free H+
A
Acids
24
Q
pH is a measure of ____________
A
[H+] Concentration
25
Moving from one increment on the pH scale to the next is a _________ change.
10x, ten fold
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ help prevent major changes in pH if excess acid or base is added to a solution.
Buffers
27
The pH of blood must remain around \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
7.4
28
What is the buffer system in blood?
Carbonic acid Bicarbonate + H+
H2CO3 HCO3+ + H+
29
Dehydration Synthesis is also known as
Condensation
30
In a dehydration synthesis rxn, _____________ is removed and a new covalent bond is formed.
Water
31
In a dehydration synthesis rxn, water is removed and a new _____________ bond is formed
Covalent
32
Hydrolysis results in the ___________ of biomolecules.
Breakdown
33
In a hydrolysis rxn, ________ is added to break bonds.
Water
34
Carbohydrates contain __________ monomers.
Sugar
35
Nucleic acids contain ___________ monomers.
Nucleotide
36
Proteins contain __________ monomers.
Amino acid
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the only category of bio molecules that are not polymers.
Lipids
38
Lipids are (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)
Hydrophobic
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Biomolecule that can function as stored energy, cellular membrane components, and hormones.
Lipids
40
Saturated fatty acids _________ double bonds.
Lack.
41
Saturated fatty acids are ___________ at room temperature.
Solid
42
Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more ______________ .
Double bond
43
Unsaturated fatty acids are ____________ at room temperature.
Liquid
44
The most common lipid in humans?
Triglycerides
45
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : long-term energy storage in adipose tissue.
Triglycerides
46
The formation of triglycerides, that occurs when nutrients are in excess.
Lipogenesis.
47
The breakdown of triglycerides, when nutrients are needed.
Lipolysis
48
Triglycerides are made up of a ____________ molecule, and three \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Glycerol molecule & 3 Fatty Acids
49
Amphipathic molecules that form chemical barriers of cell membranes.
Phospholipids
50
Phospholipids are made up of a ___________ head and a ___________ tail. (Polar/NonPolar)
Polar Head & Nonpolar Tail
51
A class of molecules composed of hydrocarbons arranged in a four carbon ring structure.
Steroids
52
This steroid is a component of animal plasma membranes, and a precursor to other steroids
Cholesterol
53
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are modified fatty acids that act as local signaling molecules, primarily fxn in the immune response and nervous system communication.
Eicosanoids
54
Carbohydrates are (Polar or Nonpolar)
Polar
55
Carbohydrates function as a ___________ source.
Energy
56
Monosaccharides are also known as …
Simple sugars
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most common monosaccharide.
Glucose
58
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the primary nutrient supplying energy to cells.
Glucose
59
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose are examples of \_\_\_\_\_\_-carbon sugars
Six (6)
60
ATP, DNA, and RNA all contain \_\_\_\_-carbon sugars.
Five (5)
61
Disaccharides are two simple sugars joined by what type of reaction?
Dehydration Synthesis
62
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the storage polysaccharide in animals.
Glycogen
63
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ___________ are the storage polysaccharides found in plants.
Starch and Cellulose
64
What biomolecule stores and transfers genetic information?
Nucleic Acids
65
Monomers of nucleic acids are…
Nucleotides
66
What three components make up a nucleotide?
1. 5-carbon sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base
67
1. 5-carbon sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base
These three things make up what?
Nucleotide
68
What are the two classes of nitrogenous bases?
Purines and pyrimidines
69
Pyrimidines consist of \_\_\_\_\_-ring bases
One
70
Purines consist of \_\_\_\_\_-ring bases.
Two
71
Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine are what type of nitrogenous bases?
Pyrimidines
72
Adenine and Guanine are what type of Nitrogenous bases?
Purines
73
DNA can be found in what 2 organelles?
Nucleus (In chromosomes) & Mitochondria
74
Nucleic acids (in a single strand) are held together with _______ bonds
Phosphodiester
75
The double strands of DNA are held together by _______ bonds.
Hydrogen
76
Complementary strands of DNA run ___________ to each other.
Antiparallel
77
RNA is found in what 2 places in the cell?
Nucleus & Cytoplasm
78
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Single-stranded nucleic acid, responsible for interpreting the code within DNA into the primary structure of protiens.
RNA
79
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the central molecule involved in the transfer of chemical energy within the cell.
ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
80
cAMP, cGMP, NAD+, and FAD are all examples of ______________ containing molecules.
Nucleotide
81
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bonds - Covalent bonds formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.
Peptide
82
Proteins have many functions including...
Serve as _________ in metabolic rxns
Form ion and transport channels in the cell membrane,
Contribute to structural support,
as well as many other tasks.
Catalysts
83
Proteins have many functions including...
Serve as catalysts in metabolic rxns
Form ion and _________ channels in the cell membrane,
Contribute to structural support,
as well as many other tasks.
Transport
84
Proteins have many functions including...
Serve as catalysts in metabolic rxns
Form ion and transport channels in the cell membrane,
Contribute to ________ support,
as well as many other tasks.
Structural
85
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ structure: Linear sequence of Amino Acids in a protein.
Primary
86
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ structure: Structural patterns within a protein that result from hydrogen bonds
Secondary
87
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ structure: Three Dimensional shape of poly-peptide chain
Tertiary
88
What are the two types of secondary protein structure?
Alpha Helix & Beta Sheet
89
What are the two categories of tertiary protein structure?
Globular (compact shape) & Fibrous (extended linear molecules)
90
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ structure: Present in proteins made up of two or more polypeptide chains.
Quaternary
91
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the 3D shape of a protein, dependent on intramolecular attractions b/w amino acids.
Conformation
92
A conformational change to a protein, that usually disturbs protein activity is ….
Denaturation
93
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of proteins is usually irreversible and results from changes in temperature and pH.
Denaturation
94
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Is the smallest particle exhibiting chemical properties of an **Element**
Atom
95
Atomic number is equivalent to the number of _______ in an atom.
Protons
96
The average atomic mass is the mass of _________ +\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Protons + Neutrons
97
The Superscript represents…
Atomic Mass of Carbon (12)
98
The subscript represents…
The atomic number of carbon (6) or the number of protons
99
Atoms with _________ electron orbitals are more reactive.
Incomplete, Unfilled
100
Each orbital holds _______ electrons.
two
101
The first shell has one orbital and thus can hold ______ electrons
2
102
The second shell has _____ orbitals and can this hold 8 electrons.
Four
103
Ions with more than one atom
Polyatomic ions
104
Water composes _________ of the human body by weight.
⅔
105
Water is a polar molecule that can form ____ hydrogen bonds w/ adjacent molecules.
Four (4)
106
What three properties does water have that make it so important in body functions?
Cohesion, Adhesion, and Surface Tension
107
The tension between liquid water and surrounding gas
Surface tension
108
Force that holds two or more water molecules together
Cohesion
109
Water has a high specific heat, this means…
A relatively large amount of heat is required to raise the temperature of water.
Important for homeostasis
110
Water has a high heat of vaporization, this means…
A relatively large amount of heat is required for the release of molecules from a liquid phase into a gaseous phase.
111
Water is known as a universal __________ .
Solvent…b/c most substances dissolve in it
112
In a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, materials separate unless stirred.
Suspension
113
In a _______________ - tiny particles are dispersed through a medium.
Colloid
114
A _____________ is when substances are physically mixed but not chemically combined
Mixture
115
A ______________ is a mixture of liquids, gases, or solids that are uniformly distributed.
Solution
116
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: That which dissolves the solute.
Solvent
117
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: That which dissolves the solvent.
Solute
118
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Number of particles of solute per volume of solution.
Concentration
119
Reflects the number of particles dissolved in one liter or kilogram of water.
Osmolarity/Osmolality
120
One **Osmole** is equal to…
Avogadros # / 1 kg of water
