Ch. 16 Nervous System Senses Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
Convert stimulus energy into electrical energy
A
Transducers
2
Q
The distribution area of the endings of a sensory neuron
A
Receptive Field
3
Q
Smaller receptive fields allow for more ________ stimulus localization.
A
Precise
4
Q
Type of energy transmitted by the stimulus
A
Modality (ex. Touch)
5
Q
__________ of stimulus determined by which receptive field is active.
A
Location
6
Q
_____________ of stimulus determined by how many nerve signals reach CNS.
A
Intensity
7
Q
__________ - time from start to end of a response in the receptor
A
Duration
8
Q
Receptor adaptation helps determine stimulus ________.
A
Duration
9
Q
Adaptation is _____________ sensitivity to continuous stimulus
A
Decreased
10
Q
_______ receptors show limited adaptation; respond continuously
A
Tonic (ex. Pain receptors)
11
Q
__________ receptors adapt rapidly, only respond to new stimuli.
A
Phasic (ex. pressure receptors)
12
Q
Sensory receptors can be classified by their receptor distribution, ___________ vs. __________
A
General vs. Special
13
Q
____________ sense receptors: simple structures distributed throughout the body.
A
General
14
Q
Somatic sensory receptors are a type of ________ sense receptor.
A
general
15
Q
Visceral sense receptors are a type of __________ sense receptor.
A
General
16
Q
__________ Sensory receptors: Tactile receptors of skin and mucous membranes; proprioceptors of joints, muscles, and tendons.
A
Somatic
17
Q
__________ Sensory Receptors: Found in walls of internal organs, they monitor stretch, chemical environment, temperature, and pain.
A
Visceral
18
Q
___________ Sense receptors - Receptors in complex sense organs of the head.
A
Special
19
Q
5 Special Senses:
Olfaction
Gustation
Vision
Audition
_____________
A
Equilibrium
20
Q
Sensory receptors can be classified by their stimulus origin:
__________ detect stimuli from external environment.
A
Exteroceptors
21
Q
Sensory receptors can be classified by their stimulus origin:
__________ detect stimuli from internal organs
A
Interoceptors
22
Q
Sensory receptors can be classified by their stimulus origin:
____________ detect body and limb movements.
A
Proprioceptors
23
Q
Sensory receptors can be classified by their modality of stimulus:
_____________ detect chemicals dissolved in fluid.
A
Chemoreceptors
24
Q
Sensory receptors can be classified by their modality of stimulus:
________________ detect changes in temperature
A
Thermoreceptors
25
Sensory receptors can be classified by their modality of stimulus:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ detect changes in light intensity, color, movement.
Photoreceptors
26
Sensory receptors can be classified by their modality of stimulus:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ detect distortion of cell membrane
Mechanoreceptors
27
Sensory receptors can be classified by their modality of stimulus:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ detect painful stimuli
Nociceptors
28
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Nociceptors detect chemical, heat, or mechanical damage to the body surface or skeletal muscles.
Somatic
29
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Nociceptors detect internal organ damage.
Visceral
30
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Receptors - abundant mechanoreceptors of skin and mucus membranes
Tactile
31
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tactile receptors - Dendritic ends of sensory neurons with no protective cover.
Unencapsulated
32
Simplest tactile receptors
Terminal ends of sensory neuron dendrites
Located close to skin surface
Phasic or Tonic
Free Nerve Endings
33
Unencapsulated tactile receptor
Wrap around hair follicle
Located in deeper layer of dermis
Detect hair displacement
Phasic receptors
Root Hair Plexuses
34
Flattened endings of sensory neurons extending to tactile (merkel) cells.
Tactile disks
35
Tactile cells are specialized epithelial cells in __________ layer of epidermis.
Basal
36
Tactile discs are (phasic or tonic) receptors.
Tonic
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tactile receptors: Neuron endings wrapped by connective tissue to covered by connective tissue and glial cells
Encapsulated
38
Encapsulated Tactile Recpetor
Located in dermis and mucus membranes
Detect pressure and low-frequency vibrations
Tonic Receptors
End (Krause) bulbs
39
Encapsulated Tactile Receptors
Located deep in dermis, hypodermis, some organ walls
Detect deep pressure, coarse touch, high frequency vibration
Phasic receptors
Lamellated Corpuscles
40
Encapsulated Tactile Receptors
Located in dermis and subcutaneous layer
Detect deep pressure and skin distortion
Tonic receptors
Bulbous Corpuscles
41
Encapsulated tactile receptor
In Dermal papillae
Allow for recognition of texture, shape
Phasic Receptors
Tactile corpuscles
42
The inaccurate localization of pain signals from viscera, perceived as originating from skin, muscle.
Referred pain
43
While experiencing referred pain, the ______________ cortex is unable to determine true source of signal.
Somatosensory
44
Phantom pain occurs when ____________ is still alive.
Cell body
45
Accessory structures are ___________ of the eyeball.
Outside
46
Aid in nonverbal communication, prevent sweat from dripping into eye
Eyebrows
47
Extend of margins of eyelids, prevent objects from coming into contact with eye
Eyelashes
48
Palpebrae are also known as
Eyelids
49
Transparent lining of eye and lid surfaces, made of stratified columnar epithelium.
Conjunctiva
50
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ conjunctiva covers anterior sclera (white of eye)
Ocular
51
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Conjunctiva covers internal surface of eyelid
Palpebral
52
Pink Eye
Conjunctivitis
53
Produces tears
Lacrimal Apparatus
54
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ drains into lacrimal canaliculus, to lacrimal sac, to nasolacrimal duct, to nasal cavity
Lacrimal Fluid
55
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cavity of eye, contains permanent vitreous humor
Posterior
56
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cavity of the eye, contains circulating aqueous humor
Anterior
57
Wall of eye is formed by ___ tunics.
three
58
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Tunic - tough outer layer, composed of posterior sclera and cornea
Fibrous
59
White of the eye
Sclera
60
Sclera is composed of dense ____________ CT, provides eye shape, protection, and attachment site for muscles
irregular
61
Fibrous Tunic is made up of ______________ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Sclera & Cornea
62
Convex transparent structure at front of eye
Cornea
63
Cornea:
Inner layer - Simple _______ epithelium
Middle Later - Collagen
Outer layer - Stratified squamous epithelium
Squamous
64
Cornea:
Inner layer - Simple squamous epithelium
Middle Later - Collagen
Outer layer - Stratified ________ epithelium
Squamous
65
Cornea:
Inner layer - Simple squamous epithelium
Middle Later -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-
Outer layer - Stratified squamous epithelium
Collagen
66
There are no blood vessels in this part of the fibrous tunic.
Cornea
67
This part of the fibrous tunic refracts light
Cornea
68
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Tunic: Composed of Choroid, Ciliary body, Iris
Vascular
69
This tunic houses blood vessels, lymph vessels and intrinsic muscles
Vascular
70
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : Part of the vascular tunic, with many capillaries and melanocytes
Choroid
71
Part of vascular tunics, houses ciliary muscles and processes
Ciliary Body
72
Ciliary \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Contain capillaries secreting aqueous humor
Processes
73
Gives eye color
Iris
74
Divides the anterior segment into the anterior chamber and posterior chamber
Iris
75
Opening in the center of iris connecting the two chambers
Pupil
76
(Volatile molecules) that are dissolved into nasal mucus and detected by chemoreceptors
Odorants
77
Olfactory Epithelium has 3 types of cells:
1. Olfactory __________ cells - Detects odors
Receptor
78
Olfactory Epithelium has 3 types of cells:
2. ____________ cells - sustain receptors
Supporting
79
Olfactory Epithelium has 3 types of cells:
3. _____________ cells - replace olfactory receptor cells every 40-60 days
Basal
80
Olfactory receptor cells have a __________ structure.
Bipolar
81
Cilia projecting from olfactory receptor cell dendrite, house chemoreceptors for a specific odorant
Olfactory Hairs
82
Mucus contains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-binding proteins
Odorant
83
**How do you detect smells?**
1. Odorant binds to ________ in mucus
2. Protein stimulates receptor cell
3. Action potential is triggered on axon, conducted to olfactory bulbs
4. Conducted to olfactory tracts
5. Conducts signal to various CNS areas
Protein
84
**How do you detect smells?**
1. Odorant binds to protein in mucus
2. Protein stimulates receptor cell
3. Action potential is triggered on axon, conducted to olfactory \_\_\_\_\_\_
4. Conducted to olfactory \_\_\_\_\_
5. Conducts signal to various CNS areas
3. Bulbs
4. Tracts
85
Olfaction DOES NOT project to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
thalamus
86
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells - chemoreceptors within taste buds
Gustatory
87
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Papillae - Short and spiked, with no taste buds, help to manipulate food, front of tongue
Filiform
88
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ papillae - Mushroom shaped, contains a few tastebuds, tip and sides of tongues
Fungiform
89
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Papillae - Largest, least numerous, contains the most tastebuds
Vallate
90
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Papillae - leaf like ridges, not well developed, house a few taste buds in early childhood, posterior-lateral tongue
Foliate (Foliage like leaves)
91
onion shaped organs housing taste-receptors
Taste buds
92
Within taste buds, basal cells are neural stem cells that _______ gustatory cells.
replace
93
Gustatory cells live for approx.
7-9 days
94
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Nerve is responsible for anterior parts of the tongue
Facial (CN VII)
95
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Nerve is responsible for posterior parts of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
96
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Nerve is responsible for Pharynx
Vagus (X)
97
Primary gustatory complex is located in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Insula
98
Are taste sensations localized?
No - spread over broad regions of the tongue
99
For sweet, bitter, and umami the tastants are…
Molecules
100
For salt and sour the tastants are…
Ions
101
Generating AP for tastants that are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_…
1. The tastant binds to specific cell membrane receptor
2. G-protein is activated causing formation of second messenger
3. Results in cell depolarization
Molecules (Sweet, Bitter, Umami
102
Generating AP for tastants that are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_---
Tastant depolarizes the cell directly
ions (Salt and sour)
103
**Processing of Gustatory Information**
1. Primary neuron in cranial nerve brings signal to *nucleus \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* within medulla
2. Medullary activity triggers salivation and stomach secretions ( or Nauseating stimuli trigger gagging)
3. Signal is relayed to thalamus
4. The relayed to primary gustatory cortex
Solitarius
104
**Processing of Gustatory Information**
1. Primary neuron in cranial nerve brings signal to *nucleus solitarius* within medulla
2. Medullary activity triggers salivation and stomach secretions ( or Nauseating stimuli trigger gagging)
3. Signal is relayed to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
4. The relayed to primary gustatory cortex
Thalamus
105
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Pupillae muscles: concentrically circular fibers constrict pupil with parasympathetic nervous system acivity
Sphincter
106
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Pupillae muscle: Radially organized smooth muscle dilates pupil with sympathetic nervous system activity
Dilator
107
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Reflex: Alters pupil size in response to light
Pupillary
108
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ controls pupil diameter
Iris
109
The neural tunic is also known as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Retina
110
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Layer of Retina: Attached to choroid, provides Vit. A, absorbs stray light
Pigmented
111
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Layer of Retina: Houses photoreceptors and associated neurons, converts light to nerve signals
Neural
112
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of Retina: boundary between photosensitive and non-photosensitive parts of retina
Ora Serrata
113
Cells of neural layer form 3 sublayers:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Cell layer: contains rods and cones, and pigments
Photoreceptor
114
Cells of neural layer form 3 sublayers:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Cell Layer: Their dendrites receive synaptic input from rods and cones
Bipolar
115
Cells of neural layer form 3 sublayers:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Cell layer: Their axons gather at optic disk and form optic nerve
Ganglion
116
These interneurons are found where? Horizontal cells and Amacrine cells
Retina
117
This part of the Retina contains no photoreceptors - is a blind spot. And is where ganglion axons exit toward the brain.
Optic Disc
118
This structure of the retina contain fovea centralis, has the highest proportions of cones, and is the area of sharpest vision
Macula Lutea
119
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Retina contains primarily rods and functions most effectively in low light.
Peripheral
120
\_\_\_\_\_\_: Changes shape to focus light on retina
Lens
121
Shape of lens is determined by ciliary muscle and __________ ligaments
Suspensory
122
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Humor helps to maintain eye shape, is permanent, and supports retina
vitreous
123
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Humor is continuously produced, nourishes and oxygenates lens and inner cornea
Aqueous
124
Drainage failure of Aqueous humor can lead to…
Glaucoma
125
Emmetropia
Normal Vision
126
Hyperopia
Far-sighted
127
Myopia
Near-Sighted
128
Hyperopia is corrected with a ________ lens
Convex
129
Myopia is corrected with ________ lens
Concave
130
The unequal focusing, or unequal curvatures in one or more refractive surfaces
Astigamtism
131
Age related change in vision
Presbyopia
132
**How is light focused for vision? Objects closer than 20 feet:**
Eyes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, lens accommodates, pupil constricts
converge
133
**How is light focused for vision? Objects closer than 20 feet:**
Eyes converge, lens \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, pupil constricts
Accommodates
134
**How is light focused for vision? Objects closer than 20 feet:**
Eyes converge, lens accommodates, pupil \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Constricts
135
**How is light focused for vision? Objects farther than 20 feet:**
Eyes face forward, lens \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, pupil dilated
flattens
136
**How is light focused for vision? Objects farther than 20 feet:**
Eyes face forward, lens flattens, pupil \_\_\_\_\_\_
Dilated
137
Converting light to electrical signals
Phototransduction
138
Synaptic terminals of photoreceptors contain what neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
139
Rods or cones are more numerous?
Rods
140
Cones have a __________ relationship with bipolar cells and ganglion cells
1 to 1
141
Light absorbing molecules found within membranes of rods and cones. Made of opsin and retinal
Photopigments
142
Each photoreceptor has only one _________ type
photopigments
143
Rods contain the photopigment…
Rhodopsin
144
There are ____ types of cones, each w/ a type of photopsin with a different sensitivy
3
145
Cones contain the photopigment
Photopsin
| (3 types - Blue, Green, Red)
146
In the dark, rhodopsin (Rods) contains *cis*-retinal.
Light causes reconfiguration to *trans-*retinal, which dissociates from opsin.
This is known as…
Bleaching
147
After bleaching, Rhodopsin must be rebuilt for rod to function…
Is this process slower or faster than rebuilding cone photopsins.
Rhodopsin rebuilds more slowly
148
Return of sensitivity to low light levels after exposure to bright light. May take 20-30 minutes.
Dark Adaptation
149
Process of adjusting from low light to bright conditions, pupils constrict but cones are initially overstimulated. takes about 5-10 minutes
Light Adaptation
150
**Events of Phototransduction**
1. In the dark, rods are __________ and glutamate is continuously released by the rod.
2. Glutamate hyper polarizes bipolar cells, preventing them from exciting ganglion cells
3. Light Hyper-polarizes rods causing them to stop releasing glutamate
4. Bipolar cells are no longer inhibited, and release glutamate to ganglion cell
5. Ganglion cell excitation leads to impulses being sent along axon to the brain
Depolarized
151
**Events of Phototransduction**
1. In the dark, rods are *depolarized* and _________ is continuously released by the rod.
2. Glutamate hyper polarizes bipolar cells, preventing them from exciting ganglion cells
3. Light Hyper-polarizes rods causing them to stop releasing glutamate
4. Bipolar cells are no longer inhibited, and release glutamate to ganglion cell
5. Ganglion cell excitation leads to impulses being sent along axon to the brain
Glutamate
152
**Events of Phototransduction**
1. In the dark, rods are *depolarized* and glutamate is continuously released by the rod.
2. Glutamate hyper polarizes bipolar cells, preventing them from exciting ganglion cells
3. Light __________ rods causing them to stop releasing glutamate
4. Bipolar cells are no longer inhibited, and release glutamate to ganglion cell
5. Ganglion cell excitation leads to impulses being sent along axon to the brain
Hyperpolarizes
153
**Events of Phototransduction**
1. In the dark, rods are *depolarized* and glutamate is continuously released by the rod.
2. Glutamate hyper polarizes bipolar cells, preventing them from exciting ganglion cells
1. Light Hyper-polarizes rods causing them to ______ releasing glutamate
3. Bipolar cells are no longer inhibited, and release glutamate to ganglion cell
4. Ganglion cell excitation leads to impulses being sent along axon to the brain
STOP
154
**Events of Phototransduction**
1. In the dark, rods are *depolarized* and glutamate is continuously released by the rod.
2. Glutamate hyper polarizes bipolar cells, preventing them from exciting ganglion cells
3. Light Hyper-polarizes rods causing them to stop releasing glutamate
4. Bipolar cells are no longer inhibited, and release glutamate to ____________ cells
5. Ganglion cell excitation leads to impulses being sent along axon to the brain
Ganglion cells
155
Visual Pathway in the Retina:
Photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ________ cells
Ganglion
156
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cell axons bundle at disc to form optic nerve
Ganglion
157
Visual pathway optic nerves:
Exits back of eye and converges at optic \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Chiasm
158
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Optic nerves cross to opposite side of the brain at the optic chiasm
Medial
159
Visual pathways of optic tracts:
Most axons go to **lateral ____________ nucleus** of thalamus
Thalamic neurons' axons project to visual cortex in occipital lobe
**Geniculate**
160
The overlapping visual fields of the L and R eye allows for stereoscopic vision, also known as,
Depth Perception
161
**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Colliculi** (in the midbrain) coordinate reflexive eye movements
**Superior**
162
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Nuclei**, in the midbrain, coordinate pupillary reflex and lens accommodation reflex
**Pretectal**
163
Tunnel shaped, visible part of the ear. Protects entryway and direct sound inward
Auricle
164
Tympanic Membrane is also know as
Eardrum
165
Tympanic membrane transmits sounds waves to _________ ear
Middle
166
Passage extending from middle ear to nasopharynx, opens with yawning and chewing
Auditory tube (Eustachian Tube)
167
Name the Auditory Ossicles
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
168
Auditory ossicles amplify sound waves and transmit them to _______ window
Oval
169
Oval window initiates pressure waves in inner ear \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Fluid
170
What three main regions compose the inner ear?
Cochlea, Vestibule, Semicircular canals
171
What structure houses the membranous cochlear duct?
Cochlea
172
What structure contains the utricle and saccule
Vestibule
173
Equilibrium is monitored by what structure of the ear
Vestibule/Semicircular Canals
174
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ detect static equilibrium and linear acceleration
Utricle/Saccule
175
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ detect angular acceleration
Semicircular ducts
176
Sensory structure for hearing located within cochlear duct
Spiral Organ (of Corti)
177
Spiral Organ (of corti) consists of ______ cells and supporting cells on basilar membrane
Hair
178
Hair cells within ear have many ___________ and one __________ at their apex
Many Stereocilia
One Kinocilium
179
**Transducing Sound Waves to AP**
1. When the _________ membrane moves up, hair cells are pushed into tectorial membrane and their tips are tilted, pulling tip links
2. Tip links pull open ion channels, allowing K+ to diffuse into the hair cell and depolarize it
3. Hair cell releases more neurotransmitter from its base, exciting the sensory neuron, which can fire AP
4. When the basilar membrane moves down, the process quickly reverses.
basilar
180
**Transducing Sound Waves to AP**
1. When the basilar membrane moves up, hair cells are pushed into tectorial membrane and their tips are tilted, pulling tip links
2. Tip links pull open ion channels, allowing ______ to diffuse into the hair cell and depolarize it
3. Hair cell releases more neurotransmitter from its base, exciting the sensory neuron, which can fire AP
4. When the basilar membrane moves down, the process quickly reverses.
K+
181
**Transducing Sound Waves to AP**
1. When the basilar membrane moves up, hair cells are pushed into tectorial membrane and their tips are tilted, pulling tip links
2. Tip links pull open ion channels, allowing K+ to diffuse into the hair cell and __________ it
3. Hair cell releases more neurotransmitter from its base, exciting the sensory neuron, which can fire AP
4. When the basilar membrane moves down, the process quickly reverses.
Depolarizee
182
**Transducing Sound Waves to AP**
1. When the basilar membrane moves up, hair cells are pushed into tectorial membrane and their tips are tilted, pulling tip links
2. Tip links pull open ion channels, allowing K+ to diffuse into the hair cell and depolarize it
3. Hair cell releases more neurotransmitter from its base, exciting the sensory neuron, which can fire AP
4. When the basilar membrane moves \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the process quickly reverses.
Down
183
**How do sound waves become nerve signals?**
**Sound waves enter ear…**
1. Vibrate ______ membrane
2. Ossicles vibrate and transmit waves to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_window
3. Fluid pressure waves in scala vestibuli push vestibular membrane
4. Pressure waves form in endolymph of cochlear duct
5. Specific regions of basilar membrane move depending on frequency of sound
6. Hair cells distort, and cause changes in neurotransmitter release
7. Sensory neurons with axons in CN VIII fire
8. Pressure is transmitted to scala tympani and absorbed by round window
Tympanic membrane
Oval Window
184
**How do sound waves become nerve signals?**
**Sound waves enter ear…**
1. Vibrate tympanic membrane
2. Ossicles vibrate and transmit waves to oval window
3. Fluid pressure waves in scala _________ push vestibular membrane
4. Pressure waves form in _________ of cochlear duct
5. Specific regions of basilar membrane move depending on frequency of sound
6. Hair cells distort, and cause changes in neurotransmitter release
7. Sensory neurons with axons in CN VIII fire
8. Pressure is transmitted to scala tympani and absorbed by round window
Vestibuli
Endoplymph
185
**How do sound waves become nerve signals?**
**Sound waves enter ear…**
1. Vibrate tympanic membrane
2. Ossicles vibrate and transmit waves to oval window
3. Fluid pressure waves in scala vestibuli push vestibular membrane
4. Pressure waves form in endolymph of cochlear duct
5. Specific regions of basilar membrane move depending on frequency of sound
6. Hair cells distort, and cause changes in neurotransmitter release
7. Sensory neurons with axons in CN _____ fire
8. Pressure is transmitted to scala tympani and absorbed by round window
VIII
186
**How do sound waves become nerve signals?**
**Sound waves enter ear…**
1. Vibrate tympanic membrane
2. Ossicles vibrate and transmit waves to oval window
3. Fluid pressure waves in scala vestibuli push vestibular membrane
4. Pressure waves form in endolymph of cochlear duct
5. Specific regions of basilar membrane move depending on frequency of sound
6. Hair cells distort, and cause changes in neurotransmitter release
7. Sensory neurons with axons in CN VIII fire
8. Pressure is transmitted to scala ________ and absorbed by ______ window
Tympani
Round
187
The rate of vibration in hertz
Frequency
188
Humans can hear 20 to ____________ Hz
20,000
189
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ depends on wave amplitude
Loudness
190
**Auditory Pathways**
1. Movement of basilar membrane produces nerve signals that are propagated to cochlear nucleus within the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2. Some secondary neurons relay signals directly to inferior colliculus of midbrain, while other relay signals to superior olivary nucleus within the pons first then continue on the inferior colliculus
3. Nerve signals are then relayed to thalamus (Medial geniculate nucleus)
4. Then relayed to primary auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
Medulla Oblongata
191
**Auditory Pathways**
1. Movement of basilar membrane produces nerve signals that are propagated to cochlear nucleus within the medulla oblongata
2. Some secondary neurons relay signals directly to _______ colliculus of midbrain, while other relay signals to superior olivary nucleus within the pons first then continue on the _______ colliculus
3. Nerve signals are then relayed to thalamus (Medial geniculate nucleus)
4. Then relayed to primary auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
Inferior
192
**Auditory Pathways**
1. Movement of basilar membrane produces nerve signals that are propagated to cochlear nucleus within the medulla oblongata
2. Some secondary neurons relay signals directly to inferior colliculus of midbrain, while other relay signals to superior _______ nucleus within the pons first then continue on the inferior colliculus
3. Nerve signals are then relayed to thalamus (Medial geniculate nucleus)
4. Then relayed to primary auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
Olivary
193
**Auditory Pathways**
1. Movement of basilar membrane produces nerve signals that are propagated to cochlear nucleus within the medulla oblongata
2. Some secondary neurons relay signals directly to inferior colliculus of midbrain, while other relay signals to superior olivary nucleus within the pons first then continue on the inferior colliculus
3. Nerve signals are then relayed to ________ (Medial geniculate nucleus)
4. Then relayed to primary auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
Thalamus
194
**Auditory Pathways**
1. Movement of basilar membrane produces nerve signals that are propagated to cochlear nucleus within the medulla oblongata
2. Some secondary neurons relay signals directly to inferior colliculus of midbrain, while other relay signals to superior olivary nucleus within the pons first then continue on the inferior colliculus
3. Nerve signals are then relayed to thalamus (Medial geniculate nucleus)
4. Then relayed to primary auditory cortex of the ________ lobe
Temporal
195
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Deafness: interference of wave transmission in external or middle ear
Conductive
196
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Deafness: Malfunction in inner ear or cochlear nerve
Sensorineural deafness
197
Receptor for static equilibrium and linear acceleration
Macula
198
Hair cells of Macula project into gelatinous __________ membrane
Otolithic
199
Tilting your head shifts otolithic membrane and bends \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Stereocilia
200
Base of each semicircular canal has swollen \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Ampulla
201
Ampulla contains Crista ampullaris with hair cells and supporting cells, hair cells are embedded within gelatinous \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cupula
