Ch. 14 Spinal Cord Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
The spinal cord ends at what vertebra with the Conus Medullaris
A
L1
2
Q
The spinal cord has 2 widened regions with a greater number of neurons… the regions supplying the upper limbs is the
A
Cervical Enlargement
3
Q
The spinal cord has 2 widened regions with a greater number of neurons… the regions supplying the lower limbs is the
A
Lumbar Enlargement
4
Q
Spinal cord subdivisions give rise to ______ (#) spinal nerves
A
31
5
Q
Part of PNS, with origins of spinal nerves from conus medullaris and lumbosacral enlargement
A
Cauda Equine
6
Q
Thin strand of pia attaching conus medullaris to coccyx
A
Filum Terminale
7
Q
Grooves on front of spinal cord
A
Anterior Median Fissure
8
Q
Grooves on back of spinal cord
A
Posterior Median Sulcus
9
Q
___________ is a Meninges, a delicate layer adhering to spinal cord
A
Pia Mater
10
Q
_____________ Is a web-like layer of the Spinal Cord Meninges
A
Arachnoid Mater
11
Q
Area deep to arachnoid mater through which CSF flows
A
Subarachnoid space
12
Q
Tough, outermost layer of spinal cord meninges
A
Dura mater
13
Q
__________ space is between dura and arachnoid mater
A
Subdural
14
Q
__________ space is between dura and vertebra
A
Epidural
15
Q
Masses of ______ matter project from the center of the spinal cord
A
Grey
16
Q
__________ Horns house cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
A
Anterior
17
Q
__________ Horns house cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
A
Lateral
18
Q
_________ Horns house axons of sensory neurons and soma of interneurons
A
Posterior
19
Q
This structure surrounds the central canal
A
Grey Commissure
20
Q
Sensory nuclei in ___________ horn contain interneurons.
A
Posterior
21
Q
___________ sensory nuclei receive signals from skin, muscle, joints
A
Somatic
22
Q
____________ sensory nuclei receive signals from blood vessels, viscera.
A
Visceral
23
Q
Motor Nuclei in __________ and ____________ horns contain motor neurons.
A
Anterior and Lateral
24
Q
___________ motor nuclei (Anterior) innervate skelteal muscle.
A
Somatic
25
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ motor nuclei (lateral) innervate smooth muscle, heart, glands.
Autonomic
26
Funiculus are collectively known as "\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_," and are made of white matter.
Columns
27
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Funiculus - contains sensory tracts
Posterior
28
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ & ____________ Funiculus - Contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts
Lateral & Anterior
29
Ascending spinal pathways carry _________ information.
Sensory
30
Descending spinal pathways carry ______ information.
Motor
31
Cell locations of spinal pathways:
Axons are in spinal cord \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Tracts
32
Cell locations of spinal pathways:
Cell bodies are in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, spinal cord grey horns, and brain gray matter
Ganglia
33
Cell locations of spinal pathways:
Cell bodies are in ganglia, spinal cord grey horns, and brain ______ matter
Grey
34
Spinal pathways are ____________ (There is left and a right tract)
Paired
35
Most spinal pathway \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Axons cross the midline
Decussate
36
Contralateral means
Axons cross the midline, Information from L side of body goes to right side of brain
37
Ipsilateral means
Axons do not cross, Information from Left side of body goes to left side of brain
38
There are ____ (#) neuron sensory pathways in the spinal cord
3
39
There are ____ (#) neuron Motor pathways in the spinal cord
2
40
Each spinal nerve is formed from a merger of __________ root and _____________ root.
Anterior and Posterior
41
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Root: Axons of motor neurons whose somas are in anterior and lateral horns
Anterior
42
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Root: Axons of sensory neurons whose somas are in posterior root ganglion.
Posterior
43
Branches (Rami) of Spinal Nerves:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Ramus - Innervates muscles and skin of back
Posterior
44
Branches (Rami) of Spinal Nerves:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Ramus: Splits into multiple other branches, participates in plexuses.
Innervated anterior and lateral trunk, upper limb, and lower limb.
Anterior
45
Branches (Rami) of Spinal Nerves:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Autonomic fibers that extend between spinal nerve and sympathetic trunk ganglion.
Rami Communicantes
46
Segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
Can help localize damage to spinal nerves
Involved in referred visceral pain
Dermatomes
47
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nerves are located between ribs. Most thoracic anterior rami.
Intercostal
48
Network of interweaving anterior rami
Nerve Plexus
49
Four Main plexuses
Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar, Sacral
50
Branches of the Cervical plexus innervate: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Neck, Head, and Shoulders
51
In the cervical plexus, from rami C3-C5, gives rise to __________ nerve.
Phrenic
52
The phrenic nerve innervates the ...
Diapraghm
53
Brachial plexus cords give rise to __ (#) major terminal branches
5
54
Axillary Nerve
Median Nerve
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Radial Nerve
Ulnar Nerve
Are all part of what plexus.
Brachial
55
Cervical plexus is made up of _________ Rami of C1-C4, and a fw axons of C5
Anterior
56
Brachial Plexus is made up of _________ Rami of C5-T1, including trunks, divisions, and cords
Anterior
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Plexus is made up of anterior Rami of L1-L4
Lumbar
58
Terminal branches of _________ Plexus include:
Femoral Nerve
Obturator Nerve
Lumbosacral Trunk
Lumbar
59
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Plexus is made up of anterior Rami of L4 - S4
Sacral
60
Largest, and longest nerve in the body, part of Sacral Plexus
Sciatic Nerve
61
Sciatic Nerve splits into
- ____________ Nerve
- Common _____________ Nerve
Tibial Nerve
Common Fibular Nerve
62
A ___________ is required to initiate a reflex.
Stimulus
63
Reflex responses are preprogrammed, meaning...
Response is always the same
64
Neural pathway responsible for generating involuntary response to a stimulus.
Reflex Arc
65
Steps of a Reflex Arc:
1. ________ activates receptor
2. Nerve signal is propagated through sensory neuron to the spinal cord
3. Nerve signal is processed in the integration center of the spinal cord by interneurons
4. Nerve signal is propagated by motor neuron to effector
5. Effector responds
Stimulus
66
Steps of a Reflex Arc:
1. Stimulus activates receptor
2. Nerve signal is propagated through sensory neuron to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3. Nerve signal is processed in the integration center of the spinal cord by interneurons
4. Nerve signal is propagated by motor neuron to effector
5. Effector responds
Spinal Cord
67
Steps of a Reflex Arc:
1. Stimulus activates receptor
2. Nerve signal is propagated through sensory neuron to the spinal cord
3. Nerve signal is processed in the integration center of the spinal cord by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
4. Nerve signal is propagated by motor neuron to effector
5. Effector responds
Interneurons
68
Steps of a Reflex Arc:
1. Stimulus activates receptor
2. Nerve signal is propagated through sensory neuron to the spinal cord
3. Nerve signal is processed int he integration center of the spinal cord by interneurons
4. Nerve signal is propagated by motor neuron to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
5. Effector responds
Effector
69
Different classes of spinal reflexes:
Spinal or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cranial
70
Different classes of spinal reflexes:
Somatic or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Visceral
71
Different classes of spinal reflexes:
Monosynaptic or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-
Polysynaptic
72
Different classes of spinal reflexes:
Ipsilateral or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Contralateral
73
Different classes of spinal reflexes:
Innate or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Acquired
74
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Reflex - Direct communication between sensory and motor neurons
Monosynaptic
75
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Reflex - Interneuron facilitates sensory-motor communication
Polysynaptic
76
Example of a monosynaptic reflex is...
Stretch reflex
77
Example of a Polysynaptic reflex is ...
Withdrawal reflex
78
Stretch Reflex
Is classified as spinal or cranial?
Spinal
79
Stretch reflex is classified as:
Somatic or visceral?
Somatic
80
Stretch reflex is classified as:
Contralateral or Ipsilateral
Ipsilateral
81
Stretch reflex is classified as
Innate or Acquired
Innate
82
* *Steps of Stretch Reflex Activation**
1. Muscle spindle detects stretch
2. Muscle stretch stimulates _____ nerve signals to travel to the CNS
3. Sensory neuron synapses on motor neurons
4. Motor neurons transmit nerve signals to muscle fibers, resulting in contraction of the muscles
5. Interneurons synapse with motor neurons to antagonist muscles, inhibiting muscle contraction
Sensory
83
* *Steps of Stretch Reflex Activation**
1. Muscle spindle detects stretch
2. Muscle stretch stimulates sensory nerve signals to travel to the CNS
3. Sensory neuron synapses on _______ neurons
4. Motor neurons transmit nerve signals to muscle fibers, resulting in contraction of the muscles
5. Interneurons synapse with motor neurons to antagonist muscles, inhibiting muscle contraction
Motor
84
* *Steps of Stretch Reflex Activation**
1. Muscle spindle detects stretch
2. Muscle stretch stimulates sensory nerve signals to travel to the CNS
3. Sensory neuron synapses on motor neurons
4. Motor neurons transmit nerve signals to _______ fibers, resulting in contraction of the muscles
5. Interneurons synapse with motor neurons to antagonist muscles, inhibiting muscle contraction
Muscle
85
* *Steps of Stretch Reflex Activation**
1. Muscle spindle detects stretch
2. Muscle stretch stimulates sensory nerve signals to travel to the CNS
3. Sensory neuron synapses on motor neurons
4. Motor neurons transmit nerve signals to muscle fibers, resulting in contraction of the muscles
5. ________ synapse with motor neurons to antagonist muscles, inhibiting muscle contraction
Interneurons
86
* *Steps of Stretch Reflex Activation**
1. Muscle spindle detects stretch
2. Muscle stretch stimulates sensory nerve signals to travel to the CNS
3. Sensory neuron synapses on motor neurons
4. Motor neurons transmit nerve signals to muscle fibers, resulting in contraction of the muscles
5. Interneurons synapse with motor neurons to _________ muscles, inhibiting muscle contraction
Antagonist
87
Example of Stretch Reflex
Knee Jerk, when doctor taps your patellar tendon cause quadricep muscle to strecth
88
**Steps of Golgi Tendon Reflex**
1. Muscle contraction increases tension to tendons, detected by __________ organ
2. Muscle contraction stimulates sensory nerve signals that travel to the CNS
3. Sensory neurons stimulate interneurons within the spinal cord
4. Interneurons inhibit motor neurons to muscle, and stimulate motor neurons to antagonistic muscles
5. Muscle relaxes and there is relief of tension on the tendon
Golgi Tendon
89
**Steps of Golgi Tendon Reflex**
1. Muscle contraction increases tension to tendons, detected by Golgi tendon organ
2. Muscle contraction stimulates _______ nerve signals that travel to the \_\_\_\_\_
3. Sensory neurons stimulate interneurons within the spinal cord
4. Interneurons inhibit motor neurons to muscle, and stimulate motor neurons to antagonistic muscles
5. Muscle relaxes and there is relief of tension on the tendon
**Sensory** nerve
Travel to the **CNS**
90
**Steps of Golgi Tendon Reflex**
1. Muscle contraction increases tension to tendons, detected by Golgi tendon organ
2. Muscle contraction stimulates sensory nerve signals that travel to the CNS
3. Sensory neurons stimulate interneurons within the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
4. Interneurons inhibit motor neurons to muscle, and stimulate motor neurons to antagonistic muscles
5. Muscle relaxes and there is relief of tension on the tendon
Spinal Cord
91
**Steps of Golgi Tendon Reflex**
1. Muscle contraction increases tension to tendons, detected by Golgi tendon organ
2. Muscle contraction stimulates sensory nerve signals that travel to the CNS
3. Sensory neurons stimulate interneurons within the spinal cord
4. Interneurons ______ motor neurons to muscle, and ________ motor neurons to antagonistic muscles
5. Muscle relaxes and there is relief of tension on the tendon
**Inhibit** motor neurons to muscle
**Stimulate/Excite** motor neurons to antagonistic muscles
92
**Steps of withdrawal & crossed-extensor reflex**
1. ________ stimulus is detected by sensory neurons
2. Sensory nerve signal detected by interneurons
3. Interneurons stimulate motor neurons to flexors, resulting in **withdrawal** of limb from painful stimulus
4. Other interneurons **cross** to the opposite side and stimulate motor neurons to extensors on other side of the body, resulting in **extensor** contraction and support of body weight
Painful
93
**Steps of withdrawal & crossed-extensor reflex**
1. Painful stimulus is detected by sensory neurons
2. Sensory nerve signal detected by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3. Interneurons stimulate motor neurons to flexors, resulting in **withdrawal** of limb from painful stimulus
4. Other interneurons **cross** to the opposite side and stimulate motor neurons to extensors on other side of the body, resulting in **extensor** contraction and support of body weight
Interneurons
94
**Steps of withdrawal & crossed-extensor reflex**
1. Painful stimulus is detected by sensory neurons
2. Sensory nerve signal detected by interneurons
3. Interneurons stimulate motor neurons to flexors, resulting in __________ of limb from painful stimulus
4. Other interneurons **cross** to the opposite side and stimulate motor neurons to extensors on other side of the body, resulting in **extensor** contraction and support of body weight
withdrawal
95
**Steps of withdrawal & crossed-extensor reflex**
1. Painful stimulus is detected by sensory neurons
2. Sensory nerve signal detected by interneurons
3. Interneurons stimulate motor neurons to flexors, resulting in **withdrawal** of limb from painful stimulus
4. Other interneurons **cross** to the opposite side and stimulate motor neurons to extensors on other side of the body, resulting in **extensor\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** and support of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Extensor contraction
Support of body weight
