Ch. 14 Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
The primary function of the endocrine system is:
A
produce/deliver hormones via bloodstream to specific tissues or organs (targets)
2
Q
The endocrine system also maintains:
A
homeostasis in body so systems function effectively.
3
Q
The ductless glands of the endocrine system include:
A
parathyroid pancreatic pineal pituitary adrenal thyroid thymus testes ovaries
4
Q
View Figure 14-1
A
pg 476
5
Q
hormones regulate:
A
growth, metabolism, reproduction, energy level, and sexual characteristics.
6
Q
antagonistic
A
Acting in opposition; mutually opposing
7
Q
electrolytes
A
Salts and minerals that conduct electrical impulses in the body
8
Q
glucagon
A
hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells
stimulates liver to change glycogen to glucose
9
Q
glucose
A
Simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion
10
Q
sympathomimetic
A
Agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, the division of the nervous system that increases the “fight or flight” response
11
Q
pituitary gland (AKA, structure, location, function)
A
AKA hypophysis
located at base of brain
-stimulates other glands to secrete their own specific hormones
12
Q
2 lobes of the pituitary gland:
A
anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
13
Q
thyroid gland
A
produces calcitonin, T3, T4
major metabolic hormone.
14
Q
isthmus
A
strip of tissue that separates the two large lobes of the thyroid gland
15
Q
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
A
Adrenocorticotropic Follicle-stimulating Growth hormone Luteinizing Prolactin Thyroid-stimulating
16
Q
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
A
targets adrenal cortex
17
Q
Growth hormone (GH) [AKA, target, function, adverse results]
A
AKA somatotropin
concerns with growth of bone/muscle and fats as energy
• Hypo - (child) dwarfism
• Hyper - (child) gigantism; (adult) acromegaly
18
Q
APH that target ovaries and testes
A
luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
19
Q
Prolactin (PRL)
origin, target, function, adverse result
A
• Breast
promotes lactation
• Hyper - (galactorrhea).
20
Q
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
A
AKA thyrotropin
targets Thyroid gland
21
Q
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) [origin, target, function, adverse results]
A
PPH • Kidney increases water reabsorption • Hypo - diabetes insipidus (DI). • Hyper - syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).
22
Q
Oxytocin
[location, target, function, adverse results]
A
Posterior Pituitary
- Uterus—stimulates uterine contractions; initiates labor
- Breast—promotes milk secretion from the mammary glands
23
Q
Thyroid hormones
A
Calcitonin Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
24
Q
Calcitonin
[location, function, influence]
A
Thyroid Hormone
- Regulates calcium levels in blood (works with parathyroid hormone)
- Decreases reabsorption of calcium/phosphate from bones to blood
- The most significant effects are exerted in childhood when bones are growing and changing dramatically in mass, size, and shape.
- At best, calcitonin is a weak hypocalcemic agent in adults.
25
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
| [location, function, adverse results]
Thyroid
* Increases energy production from all food types
* Increases rate of protein synthesis
* Hyposecretion in infants causes cretinism; hyposecretion in adults causes myxedema.
* Hypersecretion causes Graves disease, which results in exophthalmos.
26
```
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
[target, function, results]
```
* Bones, kidneys, small intestine
* Concerned with calcium/phosphate absorption
• Hypo - tetany / Hyper - osteitis fibrosa cystica
27
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Sex hormones
28
Glucocorticoids
| origin, main hormone, target, function, adverse results
Adrenal Cortex
(mainly cortisol)
* Body cells—promote gluconeogenesis; regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; and help depress inflammatory and immune responses
* Hyposecretion causes Addison disease.
* Hypersecretion causes Cushing syndrome.
29
Mineralocorticoids
| origin, main hormone, target, function, adverse results
Adrenal Cortex
aldosterone
* Kidneys—increase sodium and decrease potassium levels in blood
* Hyposecretion - Addison disease.
* Hypersecretion - aldosteronism.
30
```
Sex hormones
(origin, target, function, adverse results)
```
Adrenal Cortex
ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortices
• female libido, sourse of estrogen after menopause
• Hyper - androgen females virilis
- estrogen/progestin male leads feminization
31
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal medullary hormone
target, sympathetic nervous system
concerned with sympathomimetic (fight of flight)
• Hypersecretion causes prolonged “fight-or-flight” reaction and hypertension.
32
parathyroid glands consist of:
at least four separate glands located on the posterior surface of the lobes of the thyroid gland.
33
adrenal glands
paired organs covering the superior surface of the kidneys
AKA suprarenal glands
divided into two sections
- cortex
- medulla
34
Insulin and glucagon function
antagonistically, so that normal secretion of both hormones ensures a blood glucose level that fluctuates within normal limits
35
Pancreatic Hormones
Glucagon
| Insulin
36
Glucagon
Pancreatic
* Liver and blood—raises the blood glucose level by accelerating conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver (glycogenolysis) and other nutrients into glucose in the liver (gluconeogenesis) and releasing glucose into blood (glycogen to glucose)
* A deficiency in glucagon may cause persistently low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia).
37
Insulin
Pancreatic
* Tissue cells—lowers blood glucose level by accelerating glucose transport into cells and the use of that glucose for energy production (glucose to glycogen)
* Hyposecretion of insulin causes diabetes mellitus.
* Hypersecretion of insulin causes hyperinsulinism.
38
pineal gland
is a small organ shaped like pine cone and located deep within the brain, just behind the thalamus. Although the exact functions of this gland have not been established, there is evidence that it secretes the hormone melatonin. It is believed that melatonin may inhibit the activities of the ovaries. When melatonin production is high, ovulation is blocked, and there may be a delay in puberty.
39
thymus gland
```
base of neck
formed of lymphatic tissue
part of the body’s immune system
secretes thymosin
development of immune response in newborns
```
40
Complete Anatomy Review
pg 484
41
The main function of the endocrine system is to:
secrete hormones that have a diverse effect on cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
42
Functional relationships between the endocrine system and
Cardiovascular
HEART MECHANICS - WOMENS HEART HEALTH
* Hormones influence heart rate, contraction strength, blood volume, and blood pressure.
* Estrogen helps maintain vascular health in women.
43
Functional relationships between the endocrine system and
Digestive
affects digestive activity, secretions, and glucose metabolism
* Hormones help control digestive system activity.
* Hormones influence the motility and glandular activity of the digestive tract, gallbladder secretion, and secretion of enzymes from the pancreas.
* Insulin and glucagon adjust glucose metabolism in the liver.
44
Functional relationships between the endocrine system and
Female Reproductive
sex organs/characteristics & reproductive functions
* Hormones play a major role in the development and function of the reproductive organs.
* Hormones influence the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation.
* Sex hormones play a major role in the development of secondary sex characteristics.
* The hormone oxytocin triggers contraction of the pregnant uterus and later stimulates the release of breast milk.
45
Functional relationships between the endocrine system and
Integumentary
distribution of hair/fat, hydration, melanocytes
* Hormones regulate the activity of the sebaceous glands, the distribution of subcutaneous tissue, and hair growth.
* Hormones stimulate melanocytes to produce skin pigment.
* The hormone estrogen increases skin hydration.
46
Functional relationships between the endocrine system and
Male Reproductive
reproductive structures, characteristics, and sex drive
* Hormones play a major role in the development and function of the reproductive organs.
* Sex hormones play a major role in the development of secondary sex characteristics.
* Hormones play a role in sexual development, sex drive, and sperm production.
47
Functional relationships between the endocrine system and
* Hormones play a major role in the development and function of the reproductive organs.
* Sex hormones play a major role in the development of secondary sex characteristics.
* Hormones play a role in sexual development, sex drive, and sperm production.
48
Functional relationships between the endocrine system and
Nervous
maturation and function of the nervous system.
49
Functional relationships between the endocrine system and
Respiratory
RBCs during low O2, epinephrine dilates bronchioles EPI and T4, cell resp
* Hormones stimulate red blood cell production when the body experiences a decrease in oxygen.
* Epinephrine influences ventilation by dilating the bronchioles; epinephrine and thyroxine stimulate cell respiration.
50
Functional relationships between the endocrine system and
Urinary
.
• Hormones regulate water and electrolyte balance in the kidneys
51
Functional relationships between the endocrine system and
Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune
* Hormones from the thymus stimulate lymphocyte production.
| * Glucocorticoids depress the immune response and inflammation.
52
adren/o
adrenal glands
53
adrenal/o
adrenal glands
54
adren/o/megaly
enlargement of adrenal glands
55
adrenal/ectomy
removal of the adrenal glands
56
calc/o
calcium
57
hyper/calc/emia
blood condition of excessive, above normal calcium
58
crin/o
secrete
59
adrenal glands
adrenal/o
adren/o
60
endo/crin/o/logy
the study of secretions within (endocrine glands and hormones)
61
gluc/o
sugar, sweetness
62
glyc/o
sugar, sweetness
63
glycos/o
sugar, sweetness
64
sugar, sweetness
gluc/o
glyc/o
glycos/o
65
gluc/o/genesis
forming, producing, origin of sugar, sweetness
66
hypo/glyc/emia
blood condition of under, below sugar, sweetness
67
glycos/uria
urine of sugar, sweetness
68
home/o
same, alike
69
home/o/stasis
standing still of same, alike
70
kal/i
potassium (an electrolyte)
71
kal/emia
blood condition of potassium
72
pancreat/o
pancreas
73
pancreat/o/tomy
incision of the pancreas
74
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
75
parathyroid/ectomy
removal of the parathyroid glands
76
thym/o
thymus gland
77
thym/oma
tumor of the thymus gland
78
thyr/o
thyroid gland
79
thyroid/o
thyroid gland
80
thyroid gland
thyroid/o
thyr/o
81
thyr/o/megaly
enlargement of the thyroid gland
82
hyper/thyroid/ism
condition of excessive, above normal thyroid gland
83
toxic/o
poison
84
toxic/o/logist
specialist in the study of poison
85
-crine
secrete
86
endo/crine
secrete within
87
-dipsia
thirst
88
poly/dipsia
much thirst
89
andr/o/gen
forming, producing, origin of male
90
thyr/o/toxic
pertaining to poison of the thyroid gland
91
glycos/uria
urine of sugar, sweetness
92
eu/thyr/oid
resembling good thyroid gland
93
exo/crine
secrete outside
94
poly/uria
urine many
95
Complete Learning Activity 14-1
pg 501
96
Complete Learning Activity 14-2
pg 502
97
Endocrinology
is the branch of medicine concerned with endocrine glands and hormones.
98
physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders is known as
an endocrinologist
99
cretinism
Deficiency of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) that develops in infants
leads to mental retardation, impaired growth, low body temperatures, and abnormal bone formation
100
myxedema
hypothyroidism develops during adulthood,
edema, low blood levels of T3 and T4, weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, depression, muscle or joint pain, and sluggishness.
101
Graves disease
most common Hyperthyroidism
aka thyrotoxicosis/autoimmune hyperthyroidism
caused by:
- autoimmune disorder - immune system produces autoantibodies
- nodules/lumps on thyroid gland (toxic nodular or multinodular hyperthyroidism)
causes eyes to protrude (exophthalmos) and thyroid gland enlargement (goiter)
102
hypoparathyroidism
caused by primary parathyroid dysfunction or elevated blood calcium levels
decreased blood calcium level (hypocalcemia). Decreased calcium causes muscle twitches and spasms (tetany).
103
hyperparathyroidism
Excessive production of PTH,
caused by a benign tumor
leads to demineralization of bones (osteitis fibrosa cystica), making them porous (osteoporosis) and highly susceptible to fracture and deformity. When this condition is the result of a benign glandular tumor (adenoma) of the parathyroid, the tumor is removed. Excess PTH also causes calcium deposits in the kidneys.
104
Disorders of the Adrenal Glands
```
o Adrenal Cortex
-Addison disease
-Cushing syndrome
o Adrenal Medulla
-Pheochromocytoma
```
105
Addison Disease
AKA corticoadrenal insufficiency
deficiency of cortical hormones.
interferes with body’s ability to handle internal/external stress.
106
Cushing syndrome
excessive amounts of cortisol/adrenocorticotropic
Overproduction of mineralocorticoids/glucocorticoids
alters carbohydrate/protein metabolism & electrolyte balance.
107
pheochromocytoma
excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine
high blood pressure, rapid heart rate, stress, fear, palpitations, headaches, visual blurring, muscle spasms, and sweating.
108
Pancreatic Disorders
o Type 1 Diabetes (DM)
| o Type 2 Diabetes
109
type 1 diabetes
autoimmune disease
symptoms arise young
HYPO insulin
out of control blood glucose level
110
type 2 diabetes
arise in adulthood
body’s cells are resistant to insulin
pancreas produces deficient insulin.
NO GLUCOSE ABSORPTION
hyperglycemia.
111
Diabetes
diabetes mellitus (DM)
chronic metabolic disorder
impaired carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
caused byinsufficient production of insulin or the body’s inability to use insulin properly.
112
Cancers of Endocrine System
o Pancreatic Cancer
o Pituitary Tumours
o Thyroid Carcinoma
113
Pancreatic Cancer
```
epithelial tumors (adenocarcinomas)
pain is a prominent feature of pancreatic cancer
```
114
Pituitary tumors
excessive/deficient production of hormones
115
Thyroid Carcinoma
caused byradiation, prolonged TSH stimulation, familial disposition, and chronic goiter.
could cause hypo/hyper thyroidism
116
diabetes insipidus (DI)
Disorder characterized by excessive thirst (polydipsia) and excessive urination (polyuria) due to inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
117
diuresis
Increased formation and secretion of urine
118
gestational diabetes
Diabetes that develops during pregnancy (gestation)
119
growth hormone (GH) disorders
Pituitary gland disorder that generally involves a hypersecretion or hyposecretion of GH and commonly results from a pituitary tumor
120
acromegaly
Hypersecretion of GH in adults, resulting in enlargement of bones in the extremities and head (See Fig. 14-7.)
121
dwarfism
Hyposecretion of GH during childhood, resulting in extreme shortness in stature (final height of only 3’ to 4’) but normal body proportions
122
giantism
Hypersecretion of GH during childhood, resulting in abnormal increase in the length of long bones and extreme height (up to 8′ tall) but with body proportions remaining about normal (See Fig. 14-8.)
123
hirsutism
Excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women
124
hypercalcemia
Condition in which the calcium level in the blood is higher than normal
125
hyperkalemia
Condition in which the potassium level in the blood is higher than normal
126
hypervolemia
Abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma (liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid) in the body
127
hyponatremia
Lower-than-normal level of sodium in the blood
128
insulinoma
Tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, causing the excessive production of insulin and leading to hypoglycemia; also called pancreatic tumor
129
neurofibromatosis (NF)
Genetic disorder with multiple benign fibrous tumors that grow anywhere in the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
130
obesity
Abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more of an individual’s ideal body weight
131
panhypopituitarism
Total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity
132
pan-
all
133
thyroid storm
Crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of an increased amount of thyroid hormone; also called thyroid crisis or thyrotoxic crisis
134
virilism
Masculinization or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman
135
acr/o
extremity
136
vol:
volume
137
natr/o
sodium
138
Complete Learning Activity 14-3
pg 503
139
exophthalmometry
Measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball (exophthalmos) as seen in Graves disease
140
ex-:
out, out from
141
ophthalm/o:
eye
142
A1c test
Blood test used to diagnose and manage type 1 and type 2 diabetes; also called glycated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1c, and HbA1c.
143
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Test that measures glucose levels in a blood sample following a fast of at least 8 hours
144
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Screening test in which a dose of glucose is administered and blood samples are taken at regular intervals following the dose to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood
145
insulin tolerance test (ITT)
Diagnostic test in which insulin is injected into the vein, causing severe hypoglycemia to assess growth hormone (GH) and cortisol reserve
146
thyroid function test (TFT)
Test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function
147
total calcium test
Test that measures blood calcium levels to detect bone and parathyroid disorders, malabsorption, or an overactive thyroid
148
radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) and scan
Nuclear imaging procedure that combines a thyroid scan with an RAIU procedure to evaluate the structure and physiological functioning of the thyroid gland
149
parathyroidectomy
Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism
150
thyroidectomy
Excision of the entire thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), a part of it (subtotal thyroidectomy), or a single lobe (thyroid lobectomy)
151
transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
Endoscopic surgery to remove a pituitary tumor through an incision in the sphenoid sinus (transsphenoidal) without disturbing brain tissue (See Fig. 14-9.)
152
insulin injection therapy
Lifelong therapy using a fine needle and syringe to inject insulin for controlling type 1 diabetes
153
insulin pump therapy
Treatment for type 1 diabetes that uses a device that continuously delivers insulin through a catheter placed under the skin (See Fig. 14-10.)
154
antithyroids
Treat hyperthyroidism by impeding the formation of T3 and T4 hormone
155
corticosteroids
Replace hormones lost in adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)
156
growth hormone replacements
Increase skeletal growth in children and growth hormone deficiencies in adults
157
insulins*
Lower blood glucose levels by promoting its entrance into body cells and converting glucose to glycogen (a starch-storage form of glucose)
158
oral antidiabetics
Treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin and decrease peripheral resistance to insulin
159
thyroid supplements
Replace or supplement thyroid hormones
160
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic stimulating hormone
161
PRL
prolactin
162
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
163
PTH
parathyroid hormone; also called parathormone
164
DI
diabetes insipidus
165
RAI
radioactive iodine
166
DKA
diabetic ketoacidosis
167
RAIU
radioactive iodine uptake
168
DM
diabetes mellitus
169
SIADH
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
170
FBS
fasting blood sugar
171
T3
triiodothyronine (thyroid hormone)
172
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
173
T4
thyroxine (thyroid hormone)
174
GH
growth hormone
175
TFT
thyroid function test
176
GTT
glucose tolerance test
177
TH
thyroid hormone
178
ITT
insulin tolerance test
179
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone
180
LH
luteinizing hormone
181
NF
neurofibromatosis
182
Complete Learning Activity 14-4
pg 504
183
Endocrine System
Hormone-producing glands. A system of chemical (hormonal)
communication that regulates basic metabolic activities within the
body
184
Pituitary Gland
o “Master gland”; also called hypophysis
o Regulates many body activities and stimulates the release of
other hormones
o Releases TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
185
Thyroid Gland
o Releases T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)
| o Releases calcitonin
186
Parathyroid Glands
| o
Releases parathyroid hormone (PTH)
187
Adrenal Glands
o Adrenal Cortex and Adrenal Medulla
o Releases epinephrine (adrenaline) and nor-epinephrine
(noradrenaline)
o Releases steroid hormones (corticosteroids)
188
Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
o Releases glucagon and insulin
189
Pineal Gland
| o
Releases melatonin
190
Thyroid Disorders
o Graves disease
| o Goitre
191
Parathyroid Disorders
o Hyper- and hypoparathyroidisms
192
Disorders of the Adrenal Glands
```
o Adrenal Cortex
Addison disease
Cushing syndrome
o Adrenal Medulla
Pheochromocytoma
```
193
Pancreatic Disorders
o Type 1 Diabetes (DM)
o Type 2 Diabetes
o Complications
194
Oncology
o Pancreatic Cancer
o Pituitary Tumours
o Thyroid Carcinoma
