Ch. 8 Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(346 cards)
1
Q
The cardiovascular (CV) system is composed of
A
the heart and blood vessels.
2
Q
The heart is:
A
a hollow, muscular organ lying in the mediastinum, the center of the thoracic cavity between the lungs.
3
Q
Arteries branch:
A
from the heart into smaller vessels until they become microscopic vessels called capillaries.
4
Q
function of capillaries:
A
exchange products between body cells and blood
5
Q
Capillaries merge to form larger blood vessels called
A
venules
6
Q
venules combine to form
A
veins
7
Q
function of veins:
A
return blood to heart
8
Q
when the CV system fails:
A
life at the cellular level is not possible and death occurs
9
Q
leaflets
A
Flat, leaf-shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood
10
Q
lumen
A
Tubular space/channel in organs, body structures, arteries, veins, intestine, and tubes
11
Q
regurgitation
A
Backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening
12
Q
sphincters
A
Circular muscles n tubular structure/hollow organ
constrict/dilate to regulate flow substances
13
Q
vasoconstriction and cause
A
Narrowing of blood vessel lumen
limits blood flow
from disease, medication, or physiological processes
14
Q
vasodilation and cause
A
Widening of blood vessel lumen
caused by relaxing of vascular wall muscles
15
Q
viscosity
A
Thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing
16
Q
What are the 3 main types of vessels?
A
artery, capillary, vein
17
Q
3 layers of large arteries:
A
tunica externa: outer coat, connective tissue for strength/flexibility
tunica media: middle layer, smooth muscle, lumen size depends on body needs, vasodilation/vasocontriction
tunica intima: thin, inner lining of lumen, endothelial cells provide smooth surface
18
Q
Arterial blood (except ______) contains high concentration of ______ and appears bright red in color.
A
(the pulmonary artery)
oxygen (O2)
19
Q
Oxygenated blood travels to smaller arteries called:
A
arterioles
20
Q
Capillaries are:
A
microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system
21
Q
capillary walls are_____ and composed of:
A
very thin and composed of only a single layer of endothelial cells
22
Q
The thinness of capillary walls enables exchange of:
A
water respiratory gases macromolecules metabolites, wastes
23
Q
What causes blood to flow very slowly, providing sufficient time for exchange of essential substances?
A
the vast number of capillaries branching from arterioles
24
Q
Is blood flow through the capillary network considered intermittent or steady?
A
intermittent and slow
25
precapillary sphincters
regulate blood flow through capillary network
| open/close depending on blood needs of tissue
26
When does blood enter the venous system?
After the exchange of products have happened in the capillary network.
27
Which return blood to the heart (artery/vein)?
veins
28
Viens are formed by:
smaller vessels called VENULES, formed by merging of capillaries.
29
Why are veins unable to rely on pressure from the heart to return the blood supply?
extensive capillary network absorbs propelling pressure exerted by heart
30
What methods do veins rely on to return blood to the heart?
* skeletal muscle contraction
* gravity
* respiratory activity
* valves
31
valves
small structures within veins that prevent backflow of blood
32
location of valves:
extremities
| important in legs (distance against gravity to reach heart)
33
Large veins, especially in the abdomen, are made of _______ that provide ________ and helps ______ ______ _____ _____.
smooth muscle that provides peristalsis and helps propel blood toward the heart.
34
Blood in veins (except pulmonary) contains
low O2 and high CO2 (deoxygenated), purple color and continuously circulates from heart to lungs to exchange CO2 for O2.
35
The heart is:
a muscular pump that propels blood to entire body through closed vascular network
```
allows dual circulatory system: pulmonary circulation (from right side of heart)
systemic circulation (from left side of the heart)
```
36
Pulmonary circulation delivers
blood to the lungs, where CO2 is exchanged for O
37
Systemic circulation delivers
blood to body tissues, where O2 is exchanged for CO2, a waste product that will be expelled by the lungs.
38
systemic and pulmonary circulatory activities occur
simultaneously
39
pericardium
sac around heart
40
3 layers of paricardium:
* endocardium, serous membrane that lines the four chambers of heart/valves, continuous with endothelium of arteries and veins
* myocardium, muscular layer of heart
* epicardium, outer layer of heart.
41
4 chambers of heart:
upper chambers, collect blood:
right atrium (RA)
left atrium (LA)
lower chambers, pump blood out:
right ventricle (RV) - pumps blood to lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary circulation)
left ventricle (LV) - pumps oxygenated blood to entire body (systemic circulation).
42
How does deoxygenated blood return to the right atrium?
superior vena cava: collects/carries blood from upper body
| inferior vena cava collects/carries blood from lower body
43
tricuspid valve
consisting of three leaflets
| valve that sits between RA and RV
44
What happens when the heart contracts?
blood leaves RV through left/right pulmonary arteries and travels to lungs
tricuspid valve closes to prevent backflow of blood to RA
45
prevents regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery
pulmonic valve or pulmonary semilunar valve
46
In lungs, the pulmonary artery:
branches into millions of capillaries that are close to alveoli - CO2 exchanged with oxygen
47
Pulmonary capillaries form:
2 right pulmonary veins
2 left pulmonary veins
that carry oxygenated blood back to heart into the LA
48
mitral (bicuspid) valve
consisting of two leaflets
| valve that sits between LA and LV
49
How does blood leave heart?
through the aorta, by contraction of ventricles
50
what is the largest artery in the body?
aorta
51
What permits blood to flow in only one direction (LA to aorta)?
aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve) - located in aorta
52
What provides myocardium with blood?
coronary arteries from the aorta
53
Coronary arteries:
right coronary artery
left coronary artery w/ 2 branches:
- left anterior descending artery
- circumflex artery.
54
What happens if blood flow in coronary arteries diminishes?
damage to heart muscle (severe damage may cause part of heart muscle to die)
55
conduction tissue
specialized cardiac tissue in heart for initiating/spreading contraction impulses
56
4 masses of specialized conduction tissue:
* sinoatrial (SA) node
* atrioventricular (AV) node
* bundle of His (AV bundle)
* Purkinje fibers
57
sinoatrial (SA) node
aka pacemaker of heart
possesses its own intrinsic rhythm (ability to initiate/propagate heartbeat w/o external nerves)
sets basic pace for cardiac rate
58
location of SA node
upper portion of the right atrium
59
cardiac rate may be altered by
impulses from autonomic nervous system
| allows outside influences to accelerate/decelerate heart rate
60
where are the electrical impulse from SA node transmitted to? what does this do?
atrioventricular (AV) node
| causes atria to contract
61
AV node location:
base of RA
62
bundle of His
aka AV bundle
tract of conduction fibers with right/left branch
relays impulse to Purkinje fibers
63
Purkinje fibers
extend up ventricle walls and transmit impulse to ventricles
causing them to contract and blood from heart forced into pulmonary artery and aorta
64
sequence for conduction of a contraction impulse:
SA node → AV node → bundle of His → Purkinje fibers
65
electrocardiograph
record of the weak electrical impulses on body surface from impulse transmissions through conduction system.
66
electrocariographs produce:
needle deflections in the form of waves/peaks and are designated letters (P,Q,R,S,T)
67
Electrical events of electrocardiograph:
* The P wave is the depolarization (contraction) of the atria.
* The QRS complex is the depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles.
* The T wave, which appears a short time later, is the repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles.
68
Blood pressure (BP)
the force exerted by blood against arterial walls during contraction phase (systole) and relaxation phase (diastole)
69
systole
contraction phase
when blood is forced out of heart
produces the maximum force
70
diastole
relaxation phase
when ventricles filling w/ blood
produces weakest force
71
sphygmomanometer
measures blood pressure
recorded as 2 figures separated by diagonal line
systolic pressure recorded first, then diastolic pressure
72
factors that influence blood pressure
* resistance of blood flow in blood vessels
* pumping action of the heart
* viscosity of blood
* elasticity of arteries
* quantity of blood in vascular system
73
Complete the Anatomy Review (pg 228)
Cardiovascular System (15)
74
main function of the cardiovascular (CV) system:
provide a network of vessels through which blood is pumped by the heart to all body cells
75
Functional relationship between CV system and
Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune
• CV system transports the products of the immune system.
76
Functional relationship between CV system and
Digestive
* CV system delivers hormones that affect the glandular activity of the digestive tract.
* The vessels of the CV system in the walls of the small intestine absorb nutrients.
77
Functional relationship between CV system and
Endocrine
* CV system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the endocrine glands.
* The CV system transports hormones from glands to target organs.
78
Functional relationship between CV system and
Female Reproductive
MENSTRUAL CYCLE, SEX ORGANS, PLACENTA
* CV system transports hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle.
* The CV system influences the normal function of sex organs, especially erectile tissue.
* During pregnancy, the vessels of the CV system in the placenta exchange nutrients and waste products.
79
Functional relationship between CV system and
Integumentary
REGULATE TEMP, CONTROL BLEEDING
* blood vessels of the CV system in the skin regulate body temperature.
* The CV system transports clotting factors to the skin to control bleeding.
80
Functional relationship between CV system and
Male Reproductive
REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES, SEXUAL ORGANS
* CV system transports reproductive hormones.
* The CV system influences the normal function of sex organs, especially erectile tissue.
81
Functional relationship between CV system and
Musculoskeletal
MUSCLE, ENERGY, SKELETAL, GROWTH
* CV system removes heat and waste products generated by muscle contraction.
* The CV system delivers oxygen for energy to sustain muscle contraction.
* The CV system delivers calcium and nutrients and removes metabolic wastes from skeletal structures.
* The CV system delivers hormones that regulate skeletal growth.
82
Functional relationship between CV system and
Nervous
• CV system carries electrolytes for transmission of electrical impulses.
83
Functional relationship between CV system and
Respiratory
• CV system transports oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and tissues.
84
Functional relationship between CV system and
Urinary
* CV system delivers oxygen and nutrients.
| * Blood pressure maintains kidney function.
85
aneurysm/o
aneurysm (widened blood vessel)
86
aneurysm/o/rrhaphy
suture of an aneurysm
87
angi/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
88
vascul/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
89
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
angi/o
| vascul/o
90
angi/o/plasty
surgical repair of a vessel
91
vascul/itis
inflammation of a vessel
92
aort/o
aorta
93
aort/o/stenosis
stricture/narrowing of the aorta
94
arteri/o
artery
95
arteri/o/rrhexis
rupture of an artery
96
arteriol/o
arteriole
97
arteriol/itis
inflammation of arteriole
98
atri/o
atrium
99
atri/o/megaly
enlargement of atrium
100
ather/o
fatty plaque
101
ather/oma
tumor of fatty plaque
102
cardi/o
heart
103
coron/o
heart
104
heart
cardi/o
| coron/o
105
cardi/o/megaly
enlargement of the heart
106
coron/ary
pertaining to the heart
107
electr/o
electricity
108
electr/o/cardi/o/gram
record of electricity of the heart
109
embol/o
embolus (plug)
110
embol/ectomy
removal of embolus
111
hemangi/o
blood vessel
112
hemangi/oma
tumor of the blood vessel
113
my/o
muscle
114
my/o/cardi/al
pertaining to the muscle and heart
115
phleb/o
vein
116
ven/o
vein
117
vein
phleb/o
| ven/o
118
phleb/ectasis
dilation/expansion of the vein
119
ven/o/stasis
standing still of the vein (slow blood flow)
120
scler/o
hardening; sclera (white of eye)
121
arteri/o/scler/osis
abnormal condition of artery hardening
122
sept/o
septum
123
sept/o/stomy
to form an opening in the septum
124
sphygm/o
pulse
125
-oid
resembling
126
sphygm/oid
resembling a pulse
127
sten/o
narrowing, stricture
128
sten/o/tic
pertaining to narrowing/stricture
129
thromb/o
blood clot
130
thromb/o/lysis
separation/destruction/loosening of a blood clot
131
valv/o
valve
132
valvul/o
valve
133
valve
valv/o
| valvul/o
134
valv/o/tomy
incision of the valve
135
valvul/o/plasty
surgical repair of the valve
136
ventricul/o
ventricle (of the heart or brain)
137
ventricul/ar
pertaining to the ventricle
138
-cardia
heart condition
139
tachy/cardia
heart condition that is rapid
140
aort/o/stenosis
narrowing/stricture of the aorta
141
brady/cardia
heart condition that is slow
142
endo-
in/within
143
endo/vascul/ar
pertaining to within the vessel
144
extra-
outside
145
extra/vascul/ar
pertaining to outside the vessel
146
peri-
around
147
peri/cardi/al
pertaining to around the heart
148
trans-
across
149
trans/sept/al
pertaining to across the septum
150
learning activity 8-1
as
151
enlargement of the heart
cardiomegaly
152
tumor composed of fatty plaque
atheroma
153
rupture of an artery
arteriorrhexis
154
pertaining to a ventricle
ventricular
155
pertaining to across (or through) the septum
transseptal
156
dilation or expansion of a vein
phlebectasis
157
record of the aorta
aortogram
158
surgical repair of a valve
valvuloplasty
159
abnormal condition of hardening
sclerosis
160
treatment that hardens (a varicose vein)
sclerotherapy
161
destruction of a blood clot
thrombolysis
162
condition (of the heart) without a rhythm
arrhythmia
163
pertaining to around an artery
periarterial
164
pain in the heart
cardialgia
165
excision of an aneurysm
aneurysmectomy
166
tumor of fatty plaque
atheroma
167
abnormal condition of fatty plaque hardening
atherosclerosis
168
inflammation of a vein (wall)
phlebitis
169
abnormal condition of a blood clot in a vein
phlebothrombosis
170
pertaining to a vein
venous
171
spasm of a vein
venospasm
172
specialist in the study of the heart
cardiologist
173
rupture of the heart
cardiorrhexis
174
poisonous to the heart
cardiotoxic
175
enlargement of the heart
cardiomegaly
176
softening of a vessel (wall)
angiomalacia
177
tumor of a vessel
angioma
178
beginning or formation of a blood clot
thrombogenesis
179
abnormal condition of a blood clot
thrombosis
180
abnormal condition of narrowing or stricture of the aorta
aortostenosis
181
process of recording the aorta
aortography
182
puncture of the heart
cardiocentesis
183
suture of an artery
arteriorrhaphy
184
removal of an embolus
embolectomy
185
separation, destruction, or loosening of a blood clot
thrombolysis
186
fatty plaque
ather/o
187
vein
phleb/o
188
poison
-toxic
189
softening
-malacia
190
vessel
angi/o
191
beginning/formation
-genesis
192
puncture
-centesis
193
cardiologist
specialist in diagnosis, treatment, and management of cardiovascular disorders
194
Cardiology
the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system
195
Arteriosclerosis
progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls
causes walls to thicken/weaken, restricting blood flow to tissues and organs
caused by buildup of a plaquelike substance composed of cholesterol, lipids, and atheroma
196
atheroma
cellular debris
197
hardened atheroma
atherosclerosis
198
thrombus
clot
199
infarction
localized tissue death
200
ischemia
localized tissue anemia
201
Arteries usually affected by arteriosclerosis include:
the coronary, carotid, cerebral, and femoral arteries and the aorta
202
Arteriosclerosis in the coronary arteries causes:
chest pain and angina, commonly with diaphoresis
203
angina
tightness
204
diaphoresis
excessive sweating
205
Arteriosclerosis in the carotid and cerebral arteries causes
weakness or paralysis on one side of the body (hemiplegia), blurred vision, and confusion.
206
hemiplagia
paralysis on one side of the body
207
Arteriosclerosis in the femoral arteries causes
muscle pain (myalgia) in calves, thighs, and feet.
208
Major risk factors for developing arteriosclerosis include
an elevated level of fatty substances in the blood (hyperlipidemia), age, family history, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes.
209
Arteriosclerosis treatments:
statins, antihypertensives, anticoagulants, angioplasty, endarterectomy
210
statins
Drugs that slow down or reverse fat buildup
211
antihypertensives
drugs that control blood pressure
212
anticoagulants
drugs that reduce thrombus formation
213
angioplasty
surgical repair of affected vessels
214
endarterectomy
surgical removal of fatty deposits in artery
| treats carotid/ peripheral/ renal artery and aortic arch disease
215
coronary artery disease (CAD)
Any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium
216
The major cause of CAD
arteriosclerosis
(others include hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and radiation therapy to the chest associated with certain types of cancers)
217
ischemia
inadequate blood supply to the myocardium
218
necrosis
death of tissue/organ
219
myocardial infarction (MI)
inadequate blood supply to myocardium leading to death of heart
220
What helps differentiate MI from pericarditis, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), and acute pulmonary embolism?
Highly specific substances released at predictable times during necrotic changes to the heart
221
Endocarditis
is an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves
222
What causes Endocarditis?
bacteria (infective endocarditis) from remote infections in blood that become lodged on damaged endocardial tissue or abnormal valves
223
vegetations
clumps formed by bacteria and other cellular material
224
mitral valve stenosis
narrowing of the mitral valve
225
valvuloplasty)
surgery to correct the damaged valves
226
bioprosthetic
device made of human or animal tissue
227
predisposing factors for developing endocarditis
Congenital valvular defects, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, mitral valve prolapse, and prosthetic valves
228
prophylactic treatment
antibiotic treatment given to patient to protect against infection before invasive procedures
229
Varicose veins
enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins
develop when valves lose proper function and fail to prevent backflow of blood
affect almost anywhere, most common in lower legs
230
varices
varicose veins in esophagus
231
hemorrhoids
varicose veins in rectum
232
phlebitis
inflammation of vein
233
endovenous ablation
destroying tissue in vein
(destroy the vein wall and coagulate blood inside the vessel, causing it to collapse and seal)
effective and minimally invasive technique in treating varicose veins.
234
Common endovenous options include
treatments that employ lasers, heat (radiofrequency ablation), extreme cold (cryoablation), or chemicals (sclerotherapy).
235
Myxoma
rare, primary heart tumor, usually benign
composed of mucous connective
impede mitral valve function
causes decrease in exercise tolerance, dyspnea, fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), and systemic problems
236
Most cancers of the heart are the result of
a malignancy originating in another area of the body (primary tumor) that spreads (metastasizes) to the heart.
237
aneurysm
Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery (See Fig. 8-11.)
238
angina (condition)
Chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium; also called angina pectoris
239
angin
choking pain
240
arrhythmia
Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia
241
bradycardia
Abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult
242
fibrillation
Abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
243
heart block
Interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
244
tachycardia
Abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute
245
bruit
Soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both; also called murmur
246
cardiomyopathy
Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
247
coarctation
Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
248
embolism
Intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life-threatening situations
249
embol
plug
250
heart failure (HF)
Disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body
251
hyperlipidemia
Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood
252
hypertension (HTN)
Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg (See Table 8-1.)
253
hypotension
Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg
254
-tension
to stretch
255
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
256
palpitation
Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter
257
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
Common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs, resulting in muscle cramping and pain, and commonly the result of atherosclerosis
258
phlebitis
Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)
259
phleb
vein
260
rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
Serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve
261
syncope
Partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting
262
thrombosis
Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation
263
thromb
blood clot
264
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs; also called deep venous thrombosis (See Fig. 8-13.)
265
Normal Hypertensive Blood Pressure Level
Systolic: Less than 120 mm Hg
Diastolic: Less than 80 mm Hg
266
Prehypertension (HTN) Hypertensive Blood Pressure Level
Systolic: 120–139 mm Hg
Diastolic: 80–89 mm Hg
*A blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg or higher is considered hypertension in persons with diabetes and chronic kidney disease.
267
Stage 1 HTN Hypertensive Blood Pressure Level
Systolic: 140–159 mm Hg
Diastolic: 90–99 mm Hg
268
Stage 2 HTN Hypertensive Blood Pressure Level
Systolic: 160 mm Hg or higher
Diastolic: 100 mm Hg or higher
269
Complete Learning Activity 8-3
Disease and Conditions pg 255
270
electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs
271
Holter monitor test
Procedure that uses a small, portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over a 24- to 48-hour period; also called event monitor test (See Fig. 8-14.)
272
stress test
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)
273
cardiac biomarkers
Blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress; also called cardiac enzyme test
274
lipid panel
Series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
275
angiography
Procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel (angiogram) after injection of a contrast medium
276
aortography
Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium
277
coronary angiography
Specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle
278
coron:
heart
279
Doppler US
Ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves off red blood cells; also called ultrasonography using sound pitch
280
carotid artery US
Ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries (See Fig. 8-15, page 244.)
281
echocardiography (ECHO)
Ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assesses cardiac output
282
myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)
Noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise; also called nuclear stress test
283
single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart (tomography)
284
cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium
285
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
Type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels
286
multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan
Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move as they contract and then calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)
287
cardiac catheterization (CC)
Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
288
electrophysiology study (EPS)
Special catheterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters into the heart to study and map the conduction system and safely reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient’s heart
289
angioplasty
Endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow
290
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involves insertion of a balloon catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow
291
per-
through
292
cardiac ablation
Procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a vein in the groin and threaded to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause an arrhythmia
293
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle (See Fig. 8-18.)
294
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
Small, battery-powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who is at high risk for developing an arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest; also called automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)
295
open heart surgery
Surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries
296
pacemaker insertion
Implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm
297
defibrillation
Lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering high-voltage electrical current through the heart
298
cardioversion
Defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset the heart’s rhythm back to its normal pattern
299
-version
turning
300
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)
301
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
Lower blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction
302
antiarrhythmics
Prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart
303
anticoagulants
Inhibit the body’s natural coagulation response to prevent the formation of clots in blood vessels
304
beta blockers
Block the effect of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate
305
calcium channel blockers
Block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease
306
diuretics
Act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium
307
nitrates
Dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and widen blood vessels of the body, allowing more blood flow to the heart
308
statins
Lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it
309
AAA
abdominal aortic aneurysm
310
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)
311
AED
automated external defibrillator
312
AICD
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
313
ARB
angiotensin receptor blocker
314
AV
atrioventricular; arteriovenous
315
BP,B/P
blood pressure
316
CA
cancer; cardiac arrest; chronological age
317
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
318
CAD
coronary artery disease
319
CC
cardiac catheterization
320
CK
creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme); conductive keratoplasty
321
CV
cardiovascular
322
DVT
deep vein thrombosis, deep venous thrombosis
323
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram, electrocardiography
324
ECHO
echocardiogram, echocardiography; echoencephalogram, echoencephalography
325
ESP
electrophysiology studies
326
HF
heart failure
327
Hg
mercury
328
HTN
hypertension
329
ICD
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
330
LA
left atrium
331
LV
left ventrical
332
MI
myocardial infarction
333
MPI
myocardial perfusion imaging
334
MRA
magnetic resonance angiogram, magnetic resonance angiography
335
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
336
MUGA Scan
acquisition
337
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
338
PAD
peripheral artery disease
339
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
340
RA
right atrium
341
RHD
rheumatic heart disease
342
RV
right ventricle; residual volume
343
SA, S-A
sinoatrial
344
SPECT
single photon emission computed tomography
345
US
ultrasound
346
Complete Learning Activity 8-4
Procedures, Pharmacology, and Abbreviations
| pg 256
