Ch. 4 Body Structure Flashcards
(266 cards)
1
Q
chromatin
A
Structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins
Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
2
Q
chromosome
A
Threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries hereditary information encoded in genes
Each sperm or egg has 23 unpaired chromosomes. After fertilization, each cell of the embryo then has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). In each pair of chromosomes, one chromosome is provided by the father and the other by the mother.
3
Q
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A
Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides
4
Q
metabolism
A
Sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism
Metabolism includes the building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) of body constituents.
5
Q
organelle
A
Cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell), and lysosomes (digestion)
The membranes of many organelles act as sites of chemical reactions.
6
Q
Five levels of organization are relevant to understanding anatomy, physiology, and pathology:
A
the cells, tissues, organs, systems, and organism.
7
Q
The cell is the ______ structural and functional unit of life
A
smallest
8
Q
Cells share three main structures:
A
cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
9
Q
cytology
A
study of the body at the cellular level
10
Q
Jelly-like matrix inside of cell membrane:
A
cytoplasm
11
Q
largest cell organelle
A
nucleus
12
Q
The nucleus is responsible for
A
metabolism, growth, and reproduction
13
Q
histology
A
study of tissue
14
Q
Four types of tissues:
A
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
15
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
covers surfaces of organs
lines cavities and canals
forms tubes and ducts
provides the secreting portions of glands
makes up the outer layer (epidermis) of the skin.
It is composed of cells arranged in a continuous sheet consisting of one or more layers.
16
Q
Connective tissue
A
cartilage adipose (fat) bone elastic fiber, blood
17
Q
Muscle tissue
A
provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement.
18
Q
Nervous tissue
A
transmits electrical impulses
as it relays information throughout the entire body
19
Q
body structures that perform specialized functions
A
organs
20
Q
composed of varying numbers of organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions.
A
body system
21
Q
- highest level of organization
- complete living entity capable of independent existence.
A
organism
22
Q
Anatomical position:
A
standard body position used for reference
23
Q
plane:
A
an imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections
24
Q
Three common planes:
A
coronal (frontal)
transverse (horizontal)
midsagittal (median)
25
coronal (frontal) plane divides the body into:
an anterior and posterior section
26
transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into:
top and bottom sections
27
midsagittal plane divides the body into:
right and left halves
28
directional terms help indicate:
the position of structures, surfaces, and regions of the body
29
Abduction
Movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts
30
Adduction
Movement toward the midsagittal (median) plane of the body
31
Medial
Pertaining to the midline of the body or structure
32
Lateral
Pertaining to a side
33
Superior (cephalad)
Toward the head or upper portion of a structure
34
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure
35
Proximal
Nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body
36
Distal
Further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body
37
Anterior (ventral)
Front of the body
38
Posterior (dorsal)
Back of the body
39
Parietal
Pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity
40
Visceral
Pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs
41
Prone
Lying on the abdomen, face down
42
Supine
Lying horizontally on the back, face up
43
Inversion
Turning inward or inside out
44
Eversion
Turning outward
45
Palmar
Pertaining to the palm of the hand
46
Plantar
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
47
Superficial
Toward the surface of the body (external)
48
Deep
Away from the surface of the body (internal)
49
Body cavities:
are spaces within the body that hold, protect, separate, and support internal organs
50
two main cavities:
- the dorsal cavity, located on the back of the body (posterior)
- the ventral cavity, located on the front of the body (anterior).
51
dorsal cavity is divided into:
the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
52
cranial cavity:
-formed by the skull, contains the brain
53
meninges;
membranes that line body cavities and also cover the brain and spinal cord
54
Is the dorsal cavity continuous?
Yes, there are no walls or structures separating the cranial cavity from the spinal cavity
55
ventral cavity is divided into:
the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
56
ventral cavity is divided by the:
diaphragm
57
thoracic cavity contains:
the lungs and heart
58
abdominal pelvic cavity is divided into:
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
59
abdominal cavity contains
the liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys
60
pelvic cavity contains:
urinary bladder and reproductive organs
61
two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller areas:
quadrants and regions
62
Right upper Quadrant (RUQ) includes:
Right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines
63
Left upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines
64
Right lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Part of the small and large intestines, the appendix, the right ovary, the right fallopian tube, and the right ureter
65
Left lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Part of the small and large intestines, the left ovary, the left fallopian tube, and the left ureter
66
Right hypochondriac
Upper right lateral region beneath the ribs
67
Epigastric
Upper middle region
68
Left hypochondriac
Upper left lateral region beneath the ribs
69
Right lumbar
Middle right lateral region
70
Umbilical
Region of the navel
71
Left lumbar
Middle left lateral region
72
Right inguinal (iliac)
Lower right lateral region
73
Hypogastric
Lower middle region
74
Left inguinal (iliac)
Lower left lateral region
75
Complete diagram of planes and directional terms
page 52 in e-text
76
two additional terms for "spine"
vertebral column
| backbone
77
The spine is composed of __ vertebrae
26
78
The spine is divided into these sections:
* Cervical (neck)
* Thoracic (chest)
* Lumbar (loin)
* Sacral (lower back)
* Coccyx (tailbone)
79
pertaining to the sole of the foot
plantar
80
tailbone
coccyx
81
Which of the ventral cavities contains the heart, lungs, and associated structures?
thoracic
82
toward the surface of the body (external)
superficial
83
lying horizontal with face downward
prone
84
turning outward
eversion
85
nearer to the center (trunk of the body)
proximal
86
ventral cavity that contains digestive, reproductive, and excretory structures
abdominopelvic
87
turning inward or inside out
inversion
88
part of the spine known as the neck
cervical
89
movement toward the median plane
adduction
90
away from the head; toward the tail or lower part of a structure
inferior (caudal)
91
away from the surface of the body (internal)
deep
92
part of the spine known as the loin
lumbar
93
near the back of the body
posterior (dorsal)
94
cyt/o
cell
95
hist/o
tissue
96
kary/o
nucleus
97
nucle/o
nucleus
98
nucleus
kary/o
| nucle/o
99
-logist
specialist in the study of
100
-logy
study of
101
anter/o
anterior, front
102
-ior
pertaining to
103
caud/o
tail
104
ad-
toward
105
cephal/o
head
106
dist/o
far, farthest
107
-al
pertaining to
108
dors/o
back (of body)
109
infer/o
lower, below
110
later/o
side, to one side
111
medi/o
middle
112
poster/o
back (of body), behind, posterior
113
proxim/o
near, nearest
114
ventr/o
belly, belly side
115
albin/o
white
116
-ism
condition
117
leuk/o
white
118
white
albin/o
| leuk/o
119
chrom/o
colour
120
-ic
pertaining to
121
cirrh/o
yellow
122
jaund/o
yellow
123
xanth/o
yellow
124
yellow
cirrh/o
jaund/o
xanth/o
125
-osis
abnormal condition; increase
126
-ice
suffix used as noun ending
127
-oma
tumor
128
cyan/o
blue
129
-tic
pertaining to
130
erythr/o
red
131
melan/o
black
132
poli/o
gray; gray matter
133
myel
bone marrow; spinal cord
134
-itis
inflammation
135
radi/o
radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side)
136
tom/o
to cut
137
-graphy
process of recording
138
viscer/o
internal organs
139
lumb/o
loins; lower back
140
epi-
above, upon
141
son/o
sound
142
infra-
below, under
143
cost
ribs
144
peri-
around
145
umbilic
umbilicus, navel
146
super-
upper, above
147
ultra-
excess, beyond
148
pertaining to the front (of the body)
anterior
149
toward the head
cephalad
150
pertaining to the back (of the body)
dorsal
151
pertaining to the belly side (front of the body)
ventral
152
abnormal condition of yellow (ing)
cirrhosis
153
cell that is red
erythrocyte
154
tumor that is black
melanoma
155
specialist in the study of radiation or x-rays
radiologist
156
pertaining to above the (area of the) stomach
epigastric
157
pertaining to under or below the (area of the) stomach
hypogastric
158
specialist in the study of cells
cytologist
159
study of cells
cytology
160
red cell
erythrocyte
161
white cell
leukocyte
162
black cell
melanocyte
163
belly or belly side
ventral
164
nearest (point of attachment)
proximal
165
middle
medial
166
farthest (point of attachment)
distal
167
side, to one side
lateral
168
homeostasis
stable internal environment
169
condition caused by disruption in homeostasis
disease
170
signs
objective indicators that are observable
e.g. rash, tissue redness, and swelling are examples of signs
171
symptoms (Sx)
subjective indicator of disease. As such, only the patient can experience it.
e.g. dizziness, pain, and nausea are examples of symptoms.
172
diagnosis (Dx)
the cause and nature of a disease
173
prognosis
prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome
174
idiopathic disease
cause is unknown or exists without any connection with a known cause
175
adhesion
Abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated
176
edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces as a result of systemic disease or failure of the lymphatic system to drain tissue fluid from the site
177
febrile
Having or showing symptoms of a fever
178
gangrene
Death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction or infection
179
hernia
Protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it
180
inflammation (definition)
Body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, sometimes with loss of function
181
mycosis
Any fungal infection in or on the body
182
myc-
fungus
183
perforation
Hole that completely penetrates a structure
184
peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs, usually caused by bacteria or fungi
185
periton
peritoneum
186
rupture
Sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ
187
septicemia
Severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood; also called sepsis or blood poisoning
188
suppuration
Process of forming pus
189
establishing the cause and nature of a disease
diagnosis
190
fibrous band that binds together tissues that are normally separated
adhesion
191
death and decay of soft tissue
gangrene
192
protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it
hernia
193
inflammation of the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity
peritonitis
194
severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood
septicemia
195
producing or forming pus
suppuration
196
prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome
prognosis
197
sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ
rupture
198
subjective indicator of a disease
symptom
199
abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces
edema
200
hole that forms through a structure or a body part
perforation
201
fungal infection in or on the body
mycosis
202
body defense against injury, infection, or allergy, marked by redness, heat, pain, and swelling
inflammation
203
characterized by an elevated body temperature
febrile
204
assessment techniques
Sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient
205
auscultation
Listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds
206
inspection
General observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas
207
palpation
Gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures
208
percussion
Tapping a body structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence or absence of fluids within the underlying structure
209
endoscopy
Visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
210
blood chemistry analysis
Laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalances, abnormalities, and nutritional conditions
211
complete blood count (CBC)
Broad screening test used to evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to determine anemias, infections, and other diseases
212
computed tomography (CT)
rotates x-ray emitter around area to be evaluated and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
213
fluoroscopy
x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion
214
fluor/o
luminous, fluorescent
215
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
radio waves and a strong magnetic field produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues
216
nuclear scan
Radioactive “tracers” introduced to body and “gamma” camera produces images of organs and structures
217
positron emission tomography (PET)
CT records the positrons emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of the metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease
218
radiography
X-rays are passed through the body and captured on a film to generate an image; also called x-ray
219
single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Radiological technique that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs
220
ultrasonography (US)
High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo
221
biopsy (bx)
Removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis
222
excisional
Biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed
223
incisional
Biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed
224
ablation
Removal of a body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF)
225
anastomosis
Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
226
curettage
Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curet)
227
electrocauterization
Use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue
228
incision and drainage (I&D)
Incision made to allow the free flow of fluids and pus from a wound, abscess, or body cavity
229
laser surgery
Use of a high-intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues, to stop bleeding, or for cosmetic purposes
230
revision
Surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery
231
AP
anteroposterior
232
BX, Bx
biopsy
233
CBC
complete blood count
234
CT
computed tomography
235
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
236
Dx
diagnosis
237
I&D
incision and drainage
238
LAT, lat
lateral
239
LLQ
left lower quadrant
240
LUQ
left upper quadrant
241
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
242
PET
positron emission tomography
243
RF
rheumatoid factor; radio frequency
244
RLQ
right lower quadrant
245
RUQ
right upper quadrant
246
SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography
247
Sx
symptom
248
Tx
treatment
249
U&L, U/L
upper and lower
250
US
ultrasound, ultrasonography
251
assessment technique that involves the gentle tapping of a structure
percussion
252
scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument
curettage
253
panel of blood tests used as a broad screening test for anemias, infections, and other diseases
CBC
254
removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, or other techniques
ablation
255
visual examination of a cavity or canal using a special lighted instrument
endoscopy
256
imaging technique that directs x-rays to a fluorescent screen and displays “live” images on a monitor
fluoroscopy
257
establishing the nature and cause of a disease
Dx
258
use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue
electrocautery
259
surgery to compensate for or correct a previously performed surgery
revision
260
imaging procedure that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce images
MRI
261
surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments
anastomosis
262
imaging procedure that uses a radioactive material introduced into the body to produce
nuclear scan
263
gentle application of hands to evaluate a specific structure of the body
palpation
264
incision that allows a free flow of fluids or pus from a wound
incision and drainage (I&D)
265
imaging procedure that generates detailed cross-sectional images that appear as a slice
computed tomography
266
the spinal cavity
-formed by the backbone (spine), contains the spinal cord.
