Ch. 9 Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems Flashcards

Question

leukocytes

Answer 1

white blood cells (WBCs) protect against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances remove debris from injured tissue aid in the healing process

Answer 2

phagocytosis (ability to ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles

Answer 3

diapedesis, the ability to migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules and enter tissue spaces.

Answer 4

granuloctyes - granules in cytoplasm agranulocytes - absence of granules in cytoplasm (when observed microscopically)

Answer 5

neutrophils eosinophils basophils

Answer 6

the staining reaction of their cytoplasmic granules during the preparation of blood smears

Answer 7

the appearance of multiple nuclei in mature granulocytes (because they are so deeply lobed, especially neutrophils)

Answer 8

mononuclear lymphocytes (MNLs)

Answer 9

Granulocytes: neutrophil eosinophil basophil Agranulocytes lymphocytes monocytes

Answer 10

* First cell to arrive at a site of injury * Provides nonspecific protection by phagocytosis * Dies as a result of phagocytosis

Answer 11

* Combats multicellular parasites (worm infestations) | * Controls mechanisms associated with allergies

Answer 12

• Initiates inflammation

Answer 13

• Provides acquired (specific) immunity

Answer 14

* Performs mildly phagocytic function | * Becomes a macrophage when it enters tissues and functions in immunity

Answer 15

Platelets smallest elements in blood not true cells but cell fragments initiate blood clotting when they encounter vessel walls that have been injured or traumatized

Answer 16

substance that initiates clot formation | released by clotting factors in platelets and injured tissue

Answer 17

a soluble blood protein | becomes insoluble and forms fibrin strands that act as a net, entrapping blood cells to form blood clot

Answer 18

when blood clot impedes the flow of blood into the surrounding tissues as a response to injury

Answer 19

as a thin, almost colorless fluid

Answer 20

``` 92% water albumins globulins fibrinogen (plasma proteins) clotting factors gases nutrients salts hormones ```

Answer 21

The exchange of products between capillaries and surrounding cells/structures.

Answer 22

product of blood plasma formed when fibrinogen and clotting factors are removed from blood plasma.

Answer 23

41% population antigen A antibody B

Answer 24

10% population antigen B antibody A

Answer 25

4% population antigen AB antibody NONE

Answer 26

45% population antigen NONE antibody AB

Answer 27

transfusions, transplants, and maternal-fetal incompatibilities.

Answer 28

LYMPH (a fluid that contains lymphocytes and monocytes) LYMPH VESSELS (network of transporting vessels) NODES SPLEEN THYMUS TONSILS

Answer 29

* MAINTAIN FLUID BALANCE of body by draining interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returning it to the blood * TRANSPORT LIPIDS AWAY from digestive organs for use by body tissues * FILTER/REMOVE UNWANTED or infectious products in lymph nodes

Answer 30

closed-ended capillaries in tissue spaces

Answer 31

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct in chest cavity

Answer 32

aka tissue fluid plasma in tissue resembles plasma but contains slightly less protein carries needed products to tissue cells while removing their wastes

Answer 33

cellular debris, bacteria, and particulate matter.

Answer 34

surrounding venules to become plasma | lymph capillaries to become lymph.

Answer 35

lymph nodes through afferent vessels

Answer 36

macrophages phagocytize bacteria and other harmful material | T cells and B cells exert their protective influence

Answer 37

the large number of bacteria entering node | the powerful destruction by T cells and B cells

Answer 38

After filtered | through efferent vessel

Answer 39

join with lymph vessels from right chest/arm | drains into right subclavian vein

Answer 40

joins with lymph from rest of body | drains into left subclavian vein

Answer 41

the circulating blood and becomes plasma.

Answer 42

it acts as filter by removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, and other infectious agents

Answer 43

destroys old RBCs | stores healthy blood cells

Answer 44

located in mediastinum | partially controls immune system by transforming certain lymphocytes into T cells

Answer 45

masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx | act as filters to protect upper respiratory structures from invasion by pathogens.

Answer 46

innate immunity acquired immunity

Answer 47

present from birth nonspecific stops spread of pathogens has 2 types of barriers to keep pathogens out (1st & 2nd line)

Answer 48

keep pathogens from entering body (skin and mucous membranes, tears, saliva, and gastric secretions)

Answer 49

stop spread of pathogens once they have gained entry, including phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, and inflammation

Answer 50

``` AKA adaptive immunity develops after birth specific lifelong monitoring system monocytes and lymphocytes produces unique cells and processes that destroy particular antigen ```

Answer 51

system produces "custom made" method to destroying antigen

Answer 52

system does not differentiate the various types of pathogens and is always ready to defend the body, no matter the type or nature of the pathogen

Answer 53

monocytes that enter tissue spaces from vascular system and become highly phagocytic

Answer 54

ingests pathogens and other harmful substances processes, preserves and DISPLAYS their unique antigenic properties on surface which alerts immune system to presence of pathogen

Answer 55

macrophage when it is displaying antigenic properties | wait for encounter/response from capable immune cell

Answer 56

specialized macrophages that also have the ability to act as APCs

Answer 57

``` B cells (B lymphocytes) T cells (T lymphocytes) ```

Answer 58

active cells of the acquired immune response

Answer 59

humoral or antibody

Answer 60

hormonelike chemicals act as messengers between the T and B cell defense systems regulate intensity/duration of responses provide cell-to-cell communication

Answer 61

long-lasting immunity memory B and T cells "recall and repeat" destruction/disposal of antigen in a more rapid and effective way than during 1st exposure

Answer 62

Lymphatic System pg 276

Answer 63

provide a way to transport and exchange products throughout the body protect and repair cells that are damaged by disease or trauma.

Answer 64

* Blood delivers oxygen needed for contraction of heart. * Lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid to vascular system to maintain blood volume. * Immune system protects against infections.

Answer 65

* Blood transports products of digestion to nourish body cells. * Immune system provides surveillance mechanisms to detect/destroy cancer cells in digestive tract. * The acidic environment of the stomach helps control pathogens in the digestive tract.

Answer 66

* Blood and lymphatic systems transport hormones to target organs. * Immune system protects against infection in endocrine glands.

Answer 67

* Blood, lymphatic, and immune systems transport nourishing and defensive products across placental barrier for developing fetus. * The immune system provides specific defense against pathogens that enter the body through reproductive tract. * The immune system supplies antibodies for breast milk that protect the baby until its immune system is established.

Answer 68

* Blood provides leukocytes, especially neutrophils when injury occurs * The lymphatic system supplies antibodies to dermis for defense against pathogens. * Blood in skin helps maintain temperature homeostasis.

Answer 69

CANCER/HORMONES/FLUID BALANCE • Immune system provides surveillance against cancer cells. * Blood delivers hormones and other essential products for male fertility. * Lymph maintains fluid balance in male reproductive organs

Answer 70

ACID/CALCIUM/FLUID/REPAIR • Blood removes lactic acid that accumulates in muscles during strenuous exercise. • Blood transports calcium to bones for strength and healing. • The lymphatic system maintains interstitial fluid balance in muscle tissue. • The immune system aids in the repair of muscle tissue following trauma.

Answer 71

INJURY/CROSS/FLUID • The immune system responds to nervous stimuli to identify injury or infection sites and initiate tissue defense and repair. * Plasma and lymph provide the media in which nervous stimuli cross from one neuron to another. * The lymphatic system removes excess interstitial fluid from tissues surrounding nerves.

Answer 72

* Red blood cells transport respiratory gases to and from the lungs. * The tonsils harbor immune cells to combat pathogens that enter through the nose and mouth.

Answer 73

* Blood transports waste products, especially urea, to the kidneys for removal via the production of urine. * Blood in peritubular capillaries reabsorbs essential products that have been filtered by the nephron.

Answer 74

disease of a gland

Answer 75

clumping, gluing

Answer 76

process (of)

Answer 77

process of clumping/gluing

Answer 78

embryonic cell

Answer 79

abnormal increase of red embryonic cells

Answer 80

under, below, deficient

Answer 81

pertaining to deficient color

Answer 82

red blood cell

Answer 83

cell of granule

Answer 84

hem/o | hemat/o

Answer 85

fear of blood

Answer 86

tumor of blood

Answer 87

immune, immunity, safe

Answer 88

study of the immune system

Answer 89

blood condition of white

Answer 90

resembling

Answer 91

resembling lymph

Answer 92

lymph gland (node)

Answer 93

disease of the lymph node

Answer 94

lymph vessel

Answer 95

tumor of lymph vessel

Answer 96

form, shape, structure

Answer 97

study of form, shape, structure

Answer 98

bone marrow; spinal cord

Answer 99

forming, producing, origin

Answer 100

pertaining to bone marrow/spinal cord forming/producing/origin

Answer 101

pertaining to one nucleus

Answer 102

swallowing/ eating

Answer 103

cell of swallowing/eating

Answer 104

varied, irregular

Answer 105

cell of irregular

Answer 106

study of serum

Answer 107

decrease, deficiency

Answer 108

decrease/deficiency of iron

Answer 109

enlargement of the spleen

Answer 110

blood clot

Answer 111

abnormal increase of blood clot

Answer 112

thymus gland

Answer 113

disease of the thymus gland

Answer 114

embryonic cell

Answer 115

embryonic cell of blood and cell

Answer 116

protein of blood

Answer 117

decrease; deficiency

Answer 118

decrease/deficiency of monocyte

Answer 119

attraction for

Answer 120

neutral; neither

Answer 121

attraction for neutral/neither

Answer 122

protection

Answer 123

against; up; back

Answer 124

protection against

Answer 125

formation, production

Answer 126

formation/production of blood

Answer 127

standing still

Answer 128

standing still of blood

Answer 129

unequal, dissimilar

Answer 130

abnormal increase of unequal/dissimilar cell

Answer 131

microcytic

Answer 132

hemopoiesis

Answer 133

erythrocytosis

Answer 134

edema and lymphadenopathy

Answer 135

paleness, weakness, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations.

Answer 136

abnormally heightened immune responses

Answer 137

depressed immune responses

Answer 138

responses where the immune system fails to recognize its own tissue

Answer 139

hypersensitivities immunodeficiencies autoimmunity

Answer 140

is the branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood-clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.

Answer 141

physicians who specialize in hematology

Answer 142

branch of medicine concerning immune disorders (asthma and anaphylaxis), adverse reactions to drugs, autoimmune diseases, organ transplantations, and malignancies of immune system.

Answer 143

allergists and immunologists

Answer 144

aka Anemia deficiency of erythrocytes or hemoglobin in RBCs (hypochromia) not a disease but a symptom of other illnesses

Answer 145

deficiency in amount of hemoglobin in RBCs

Answer 146

- primarily affects African descendants (who inherit trait from both parents) - caused by hemoglobinopathy - cells are fragile, easily hemolyze, and have difficulty passing through capillaries - causes sickle cell crisis

Answer 147

defective hemoglobin molecule that causes RBCs to assume bizarre shapes, commonly resembling a crescent, or sickle, when oxygen levels are low

Answer 148

breaking apart of blood cells

Answer 149

tissue distal to cell blockage undergoes ischemia, resulting in severe pain that can last from several hours to several days Treatment for sickle cell anemia is designed to control or limit the number of crises

Answer 150

Serious associated with bone marrow failure causes erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia caused by autoimmune disorders, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and exposure to certain cytotoxic agents

Answer 151

Caused by insufficient folic acid intake resulting from poor diet, impaired absorption, prolonged drug therapy, or increased requirements (pregnancy or rapid growth as seen in children)

Answer 152

Destruction of RBCs causes jaundice from inherited immune and blood (sickle cell anemia) disorders, medications, and incompatible transfusions

Answer 153

Lack of sufficient iron in RBCs Caused by a greater demand for stored iron than can be supplied, usually as a result of inadequate dietary iron intake or malabsorption of iron

Answer 154

Chronic, progressive ages 50+ lack of vitamin B12 result of inability to absorb B12

Answer 155

Inherited anemia that causes RBCs to become crescent- or sickle-shaped when oxygen levels are low Caused by a defect in the gene responsible for hemoglobin synthesis

Answer 156

acquired abnormal immune response requires initial exposure (sensitization) subsequent exposures produce increasing allergic reactions that cause broad range of inflammatory changes

Answer 157

pollens, pet dander, molds, dust mites, and venom (bee stings) BUT NOT FOOD reducing or even eliminating the symptoms associated with the allergy.

Answer 158

repeated, gradually increasing in concentration, injections of allergen body forms new antibodies

Answer 159

antigens found on cells and tissues

Answer 160

autoantibodies - an abnormal response directed at the autoantigens of the body until cells are destroyed

Answer 161

affecting many organs and systems

Answer 162

rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, and various thyroid disorders

Answer 163

periods of flare-ups (exacerbations) and latencies (remissions).

Answer 164

a single type of bone marrow cell lymphomas in lymphatic system leukemias that affect blood and bone marrow.

Answer 165

oncological disorder of blood and blood-forming organs characterized by an overgrowth (proliferation) of blood cells. body replaces healthy blood and bone marrow cells with immature, nonfunctional cells, leading to anemias, infections, and bleeding disorders.

Answer 166

children, youth, and young adults

Answer 167

granulocytic (myelogenous) lymphocytic These can be classified as: acute chronic

Answer 168

disease has a sudden onset and blood cells are highly embryonic (blastic) with few mature forms. Severe anemia, infections, and bleeding disorders appear early in the disease. This form of leukemia is life-threatening.

Answer 169

signs and symptoms are slow to develop because there are usually enough mature cells to carry on the functions of the various cell types. As the chronic form progresses, signs and symptoms develop.

Answer 170

Infectious disease causes HIV destroys the CD4 (helper T) cells makes host susceptible to opportunistic infections

Answer 171

Any disruption or impairment in the ability to form blood clots or control bleeding

Answer 172

Abnormal blood clotting in small vessels throughout the body that cuts off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues, resulting in damage to body organs

Answer 173

Congenital hereditary disorder characterized by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (hemophilia A) or clotting factor IX (hemophilia B), resulting in prolonged bleeding; also called bleeder’s disease

Answer 174

Abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets or their increased destruction in the blood vessels, spleen, or liver

Answer 175

Process in which a recipient’s immune system identifies the transplanted graft as “foreign” and attacks or destroys it

Answer 176

Complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against the recipient’s organs, commonly severely enough to cause death

Answer 177

Any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule

Answer 178

Acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that primarily affects young adults and children and causes fatigue, malaise, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy of the neck or armpits; also called mono and kissing disease

Answer 179

Cancer caused by the human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) that mainly affects the skin and mucous membranes but may also cause extensive visceral organ involvement; also called malignant neoplasm of soft tissue

Answer 180

Swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, resulting from an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels

Answer 181

Any malignancy involving lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, or both) that commonly affects lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue

Answer 182

Malignancy of B cells that occurs in lymph nodes of the neck or chest and may spread to nearby lymph nodes and the spleen and sometimes to the bone marrow; also called classical Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin disease

Answer 183

Any malignancy of B cells, T cells, or NK cells that does not involve Reed-Sternberg cells

Answer 184

Malignancy of the bone marrow that affects plasma cells, leading to proliferation of abnormal antibodies, destruction of healthy bone marrow cells, and weakening of bone tissue

Answer 185

Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood; also called septicemia or blood poisoning

Answer 186

Widespread autoimmune disease affects the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints causes chronic inflammation aka discoid lupus (limited to skin)

Answer 187

Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders as a result of platelet malformations

Answer 188

Test that identifies the antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual’s own body cells (autoantibodies)

Answer 189

Test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream

Answer 190

Series of tests that includes hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, and differential (diff) count; also called hemogram

Answer 191

Nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infection by Epstein-Barr virus, the organism that causes infectious mononucleosis

Answer 192

Screening test for deficiencies in clotting factors by measuring the length of time it takes blood to clot; also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

Answer 193

Test used to detect and diagnose bleeding disorders or excessive clotting disorders; also called pro time

Answer 194

Highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in diagnosing multiple myeloma

Answer 195

Visualization of lymph channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymphatic system

Answer 196

Introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel node

Answer 197

Removal of bone marrow (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic examination using a thin aspirating needle (See Fig. 9-11.)

Answer 198

Infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after destroying the diseased bone marrow by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both and commonly used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers; also called stem cell transplant

Answer 199

Removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue, in an effort to control the spread of cancer

Answer 200

Removal of the first node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells

Answer 201

Any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates, or restores the body’s own natural immune mechanisms to treat diseases; also called biological therapy

Answer 202

Treatment using antibody mixtures, administered via intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular routes

Answer 203

Dialysis procedure that removes and discards the patient’s plasma containing the autoantibodies responsible for tissue destruction in autoimmunity and returns the blood cells to the patient suspended in the plasma of a donor

Answer 204

Infusion of blood or blood products from one person (donor) to another (recipient)

Answer 205

Prevent blood clot formation by inactivating one or more clotting factors or inhibiting their synthesis

Answer 206

Neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and urinary tract to prevent the breakdown of blood clots

Answer 207

Destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, depending on the particular drug, generally by interfering with the functions of the cell membrane or the reproductive cycle

Answer 208

Prevent replication of viruses within host cells

Answer 209

Decrease inflammation by suppressing the body’s natural immune response

Answer 210

Dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands

Answer 211

antibody, abortion

Answer 212

antinuclear antibody

Answer 213

antigen-presenting cell

Answer 214

activated partial thromboplastin time

Answer 215

bone marrow transplant

Answer 216

disseminated intravascular coagulation

Answer 217

differential count (white blood cells)

Answer 218

Epstein-Barr virus

Answer 219

graft-versus-host disease

Answer 220

human herpes virus 8

Answer 221

human immunodeficiency virus

Answer 222

Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 223

immunoglobulin

Answer 224

intravenous immunoglobulin

Answer 225

Kaposi sarcoma

Answer 226

mononuclear leukocytes

Answer 227

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 228

natural killer cell

Answer 229

pernicious anemia

Answer 230

Pneumocystis pneumonia; primary care physician

Answer 231

polymorphonuclear

Answer 232

polymorphonuclear leukocyte

Answer 233

prothrombin time, physical therapy

Answer 234

partial thromboplastin time

Answer 235

systemic lupus erythematosus

Ch. 9 Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems Flashcards

(285 cards)