Ch. 6 Digestive System Flashcards
(399 cards)
1
Q
The digestive systems primary function
A
is to break down food, prepare it for absorption, and eliminate waste.
2
Q
The digestive system is made up of:
A
GI tract
pancreas
liver
gallbladder
3
Q
bilirubin
A
Orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells and eventually excreted in the feces
4
Q
bolus
A
Mass of masticated food ready for swallowing
5
Q
exocrine gland definition
A
Type of gland that secretes products through excretory ducts to surface of organ/tissue or into a vessel
6
Q
exo-
A
outside, outward
7
Q
-crine
A
secrete
8
Q
sphincter
A
Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body
9
Q
triglycerides
A
Organic compound, a true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids
10
Q
bucca
A
cheeks
11
Q
The mouth is formed by:
A
cheeks, lips, teeth, tongue, and hard/soft palates
12
Q
Upper GI System components:
A
Mouth (w/ salivary glands)
Pharynx (throat)
Esophagus
Stomach
13
Q
Small intestine components
A
Duodenum (bile from liver then gallbladder and enzymes from pancreas)
Jejunum
Ileum
14
Q
Large intestine components:
A
Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Signmoid colon Rectum
15
Q
Pathway of food through digestive system:
A
Food enters mouth and rest of upper GI system components (4),
Then to small intestine components (3),
Then to large intestine components (6),
Finally, feces expelled through anus
16
Q
Function of teeth:
A
mastication (mechanical break down of food)
17
Q
Dentin
A
Main structure of teeth found beneath the enamel.
18
Q
Pulp
A
innermost part of tooth containing nerves and blood vessels
19
Q
Gingiva
A
gums - fleshy, pink tissue containing teeth
20
Q
deglutition
A
swallowing
21
Q
Functions of tongue:
A
assists in chewing
speech production
taste
22
Q
papillae
A
taste buds
23
Q
4 basic taste sensations
A
sweet
sour
salty
bitter
24
Q
Hard and soft palates:
A
continuous formation that provides partition between mouth and nasopharynx
25
uvula
soft, fleshy v-shaped structure that guides food bolus into throat (pharynx)
26
Function of pharynx:
passageway to respiratory and GI tracts
| resonating chamber for speech sounds
27
The pharynx leads to:
trachea (to lungs)
| esophagus (to stomach)
28
A small flap of cartilage that folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing, forcing food to enter the esophagus.
epiglottis
29
stomach functions:
food reservoir that continues mechanical and chemical digestion.
30
the stomach is located:
LUQ
| from esophagus to duodenum
31
lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter (terminal portion of esophagus) is composed of:
muscle fibers that constrict once food has passed into the stomach
32
lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter function:
prevents the stomach contents from regurgitating back into the esophagus
33
storage areas of stomach:
body and fundus
34
where most digestion takes place in stomach:
pylorus - funnel-shaped terminal portion
35
The interior lining of the stomach is composed of:
mucous membranes and contains numerous rugae
36
rugae
macroscopic longitudinal folds that gradually unfold as the stomach fills
contain digestive glands that produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes
37
chyme
semiliquid form of broken down bolus
38
sphincter between stomach and duodenum
pyloric
39
pyloric sphincter regulates
speed and movement of chyme into the small intestine and prohibits backflow
40
peristalsis
coordinated, rhythmic muscle contractions that propelled food through the entire GI tract
41
The 20ft coiled small intestine is located between:
the pyloric sphincter and large intestine.
42
Small intestine consists of:
duodenum (10 inches)
jejunum (8 feet)
ileum (12 feet)
43
Digestion is completed in the small intestine with the help of:
pancreas (enzymes)
| liver (bile secretions)
44
Villi
microscopic, fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients in chyme (nutrients enter bloodstream and lymphatic system for distribution to the rest of the body)
45
sphincter at the end of the small intestine
ileocecal valve
46
ileocecal valve
allows undigested or unabsorbed material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine and eventually be excreted from the body
47
3 salivary glands:
parotid (upper)
submandibular (back lower mouth)
sublingual (front lower mouth)
48
Location of 5ft large intestine:
end of ileum to anus
49
Does digestion happen in the large intestine?
No
50
Location and purpose of secretion in large intestine:
mucus in colon to lubricate fecal matter
51
3 main components of large intestine:
cecum
colon
rectum
52
cecum
first 2 or 3 inches of large intestine a small pouch that hangs inferior to the ileocecal valve
53
appendix
projecting down from cecum
| a small, wormlike structure with no apparent function that can become inflamed (appendicitis) and infected when blocked
54
Main function of colon:
absorb water and minerals and eliminate undigested material
55
4 components of colon:
ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid portions:
56
location of ascending colon:
extends from the cecum to the lower border of the liver and turns abruptly to form the hepatic flexure.
57
location of transverse colon
continues from hepatic flexure across the abdomen to the left side curving beneath the lower end of the spleen to form the splenic flexure.
58
location of descending colon
as the transverse colon turns downward, the descending colon continues until it forms the sigmoid colon and the rectum.
59
Accessory Organs of Digestion
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
60
largest glandular organ in the body
liver (3-4lbs)
61
Location of liver:
beneath diaphragm
| RUQ & LUQ
62
Liver functions:
produce bile
store vitamins
synthesize proteins in the blood
maintain glucose levels
sugar to starch (remove glucose from blood and make/store glycogen)
destroy/transform toxic products into less harmful compounds
destroy old erythrocytes and releasing bilirubin
63
Location of pancreas:
elongated, somewhat flattened organ that lies posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach
64
endocrine gland function of pancreas:
secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream to maintain normal blood glucose levels
65
exocrine gland function of pancreas:
produces digestive enzymes that pass into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct
66
digestive enzymes produced by pancreas:
trypsin (digests proteins)
amylase (digests starch)
lipase (digests triglycerides)
67
location of pancreatic duct:
extends along the pancreas and, together with the hepatic duct from the liver, enters the duodenum
68
how do pancreatic enzymes enter the duodenum?
through pancreatic duct
69
Gallbladder location:
a saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver
70
Gallbladder functions:
storage and release bile
71
right and left hepatic ducts
drain bile from liver
| eventually form the hepatic duct
72
cystic duct merges with:
the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct, which leads into the duodenum
73
Bile production is stimulated by
hormone secretions, which are produced in the duodenum as soon as food enters the small intestine.
74
Without bile....
fat digestion is not possible.
75
Complete anatomy review (pg 135)
Digestive System
76
Complete anatomy review (pg 136)
Accessory Organs of Digestion
77
The main function of the digestive system is:
provide vital nutrients for growth, maintenance, and repair of all organs and body cells.
78
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune
SUGAR, ACIDS/ENZYMES, VITAMIN K, LYMPHOID
liver regulates blood glucose levels
secretes acids/enzymes to fight pathogens
absorbs vitamin K
lymphoid nodules in intestinal wall protect against pathogen
79
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Cardiovascular
• The digestive system absorbs nutrients needed by the heart
80
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Endocrine
* The liver eliminates hormones from the blood to end their activity.
* The pancreas contains hormone-producing cells.
81
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Female Reproductive
provides nutrition for healthy conception/fetal development
| provides nutrients for endometrium repair after period
82
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Male Reproductive
provides adequate nutrients in the development of viable sperm.
83
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Integumentary
supplies fats that provide insulation in the dermis/subcutaneous tissue
absorbs nutrients for maintenance, growth, and repair of skin
84
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Musculoskeletal
ENERGY, CALCIUM, LACTIC ACID
provides the nutrients needed for energy
absorbs calcium needed for bone salts/muscle contraction
liver removes lactic acid (from muscle activity) from blood
85
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Nervous
supplies nutrients for normal neural functions
liver maintains glucose levels needed for neural function
provides nutrients for synthesis of neurotransmitters/electrolytes
86
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Respiratory
absorbs nutrients needed by cells in respiratory system
share the pharynx (divides into trachea and esophagus)
87
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Urinary
• The liver metabolizes hormones, toxins, and drugs into forms that can be excreted in the urine.
88
mouth (and associated structures) function
Ingests, chews, and swallows food
Speech production
Taste
89
Function of Pharynx (Throat)
Upon being swallowed, food passes through this cavity and into the esophagus.
90
Function of Esophagus
A tubular structure that guides chewed food from the mouth and
pharynx into the stomach.
91
Functions of stomach
Secretes gastric juices for digestion.
Mixes undigested food with gastric juices to further break down the
food.
92
Functions of small intestine:
Secretes additional digestive juices.
| Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.
93
Function of large intestine (colon)
Absorbs water from fecal material into the bloodstream.
94
Functions of rectum and anus
Serves as storage area for the fecal material (rectum).
| Allows for elimination of fecal material (anus).
95
Functions of liver:
Produces bile.
Removes glucose from the blood.
Stores certain vitamins.
Breaks down or metabolizes some toxic products.
Maintains normal glucose levels in the blood.
Destroys old red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Releases bilirubin.
Provides various clotting factors
96
Functions of pancreas:
Provides digestive juices (enzymes).
| Releases hormones which regulate blood sugar levels.
97
Function of gallbladder:
Serves as a storage area for bile (used in digestion).
98
or/o
mouth
99
stomat/o
mouth
100
mouth
or/o
| stomat/o
101
oral (definition)
pertaining to the mouth
102
stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth
103
tongue
gloss/o
| lingu/o
104
gloss/o
tongue
105
lingu/o
tongue
106
glossectomy
removal of the tongue
107
lingual
pertaining to the tongue
108
bucc/o
cheek
109
buccal
pertaining to the cheek
110
cheil/o
lip
111
labi/o
lip
112
lip
cheil/o
| labi/o
113
cheiloplasty
surgical repair of the lip
114
labial
pertaining to the lip
115
dent/o
teeth
116
odont/o
teeth
117
teeth
dent/o
| odont/o
118
gingiv/o
gums
119
dentist
specialist of teeth
120
orthodontist
specialist of straight teeth
121
gingivectomy
removal of gum(s)
122
sial/o
saliva, salivary gland
123
sialolith
stone composed of saliva or in salivary gland
124
esophag/o
esophagus
125
esophagoscope
instrument for examining the esophagus
126
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
127
pharyngotonsillitis
inflammation of the pharynx and tonsils
128
gastr/o
stomach
129
gastralgia
pain of the stomach
130
pylor/o
pylorus
131
pylorospasm
involuntary contraction/ twitching of the pylorus
132
duoden/o
duodenum (first part of the stomach)
133
duodenoscopy
visual examination of the duodenum
134
enter/o
intestine (usually small intestine)
135
enteropathy
disease of the (small) intestine
136
ile/o
ileum (3rd part of the small intestine)
137
ileostomy
forming an opening in the ileum
138
append/o
appendix
139
appendectomy
removal of the appendix
140
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
141
appendic/o
appendix
142
appendix
append/o
| appendic/o
143
col/o
colon
144
colon/o
colon
145
colon
col/o
| colon/o
146
colostomy
forming an opening in the colon
147
colonoscopy
visual examination of the colon
148
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
149
sigmoidotomy
incision of the sigmoid colon
150
rect/o
rectum
151
rectocele
hernia, swelling of the rectum
152
proct/o
anus, rectum
153
proctologist
specialist in the study of the anus and rectum
154
an/o
anus
155
perianal
pertaining to around the anus
156
hepat/o
liver
157
hepatomegaly
enlargement of the liver
158
pancreat/o
pancreas
159
pancreatolysis
separation, destruction, loosening of the pancreas
160
cholangi/o
bile vessel
161
cholangiole
small, minute bile vessel
162
chol/e
bile, gall
163
cholelith
calculus or stone made of bile
164
When the suffix -stomy is used with a combining form that denotes an organ, it refers to
a surgical opening to the outside of the body.
165
The e in chol/e is an
exception to the rule of using the connecting vowel o.
166
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
167
cholecystectomy
removal of the gallbladder
168
choledoch/o
bile duct
169
choledochoplasty
surgical repair of a bile duct
170
-emesis
vomit
171
-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specific)
172
hyperemesis
excessive, above normal vomitting
173
cholelithiasis
abnormal condition of gallstones
174
-megaly
enlargement
175
hepatomegaly
enlargement of the liver
176
-orexia
appetite
177
anorexia
without appitite
178
-pepsia
digestion
179
dyspepsia
bad, painful, difficult digestion
180
-phagia
swallowing, eating
181
aerophagia
swallowing air
182
-prandial
meal
183
postprandial
after a meal
184
-rrhea
discharge, flow
185
steatorrhea
discharge, flow of fat
186
aer/o
air
187
steat/o
fat
188
dia-
through, across
189
diarrhea
discharge/ flow through/across
190
peri-
around
191
periodontitis
inflammation around the teeth
192
sub-
under, below
193
sublingual
pertaining to below the tongue
194
inflammation of the gums
gingivitis
195
visual examination of the colon
colonoscopy
196
surgical repair of the stomach
gastroplasty
197
pertaining to under or below the stomach
hypogastric
198
bad, painful, or difficult digestion
dyspepsia
199
calculus in a salivary gland or duct
sialolith
200
disease of the mouth
stomatopathy
201
pertaining to around the anus
perianal
202
suture of the jejunum (second part of the small intestine)
jejunorrhaphy
203
inflammation of the pharynx
pharyngitis
204
instrument to examine the esophagus
esophagoscope
205
without an appetite
anorexia
206
vomiting blood
hematemesis
207
pertaining to the teeth
dental
208
bad, painful, or difficult swallowing or eating
dysphagia
209
pain in the esophagus
esophagodynia or esophagalgia
210
spasm of the esophagus
esophagospasm
211
stricture or narrowing of the esophagus
esophagostenosis
212
inflammation of the stomach
gastritis
213
pain in the stomach
gastrodynia or gastralgia
214
disease of the stomach
gastropathy
215
excision of all or part of the jejunum
jejunectomy
216
relating to the duodenum
duodenal
217
inflammation of the ileum
ileitis
218
pertaining to the jejunum and ileum
jejunoileal
219
inflammation of the small intestine
enteritis
220
disease of the small intestine
enteropathy
221
inflammation of the small intestine and colon
enterocolitis
222
inflammation of the colon
colitis
223
pertaining to the colon and rectum
colorectal
224
prolapse or downward displacement of the colon
coloptosis
225
disease of the colon
colopathy
226
narrowing or constriction of the rectum
proctostenosis or rectostenosis
227
herniation of the rectum
rectocele or proctocele
228
paralysis of the anus (anal muscles)
proctoplegia or proctoparalysis
229
inflammation of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
230
abnormal condition of a gallstone
cholelithiasis
231
tumor of the liver
hepatoma
232
enlargement of the liver
hepatomegaly
233
inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
234
excision of gums (tissue)
gingivectomy
235
partial or complete excision of the tongue
glossectomy
236
repair of the esophagus
esophagoplasty
237
removal of part or all of the stomach
gastrectomy
238
forming an opening between the stomach and jejunum
gastrojejunostomy
239
excision of (part of) the esophagus
esophagectomy
240
forming an opening between the stomach, small intestine, and colon
gastroenterocolostomy
241
surgical repair of the small intestine
enteroplasty
242
fixation of the small intestine (to the abdominal wall)
enteropexy
243
suture of the bile duct
choledochorrhaphy
244
forming an opening into the colon
colostomy
245
fixation of a movable liver (to the abdominal wall)
hepatopexy
246
surgical repair of the anus or rectum
proctoplasty or rectoplasty
247
removal of the gallbladder
cholecystectomy
248
surgical repair of a bile duct
choledochoplasty
249
Gastroenterology
branch of medicine concerned with digestive diseases.
250
gastroenterologist
physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive disorder
251
ulcer
circumscribed open sore on skin or mucous membranes
252
most common ulcer types that occur in the digestive system
peptic ulcer
253
Peptic Ulcer Disease cause:
erosion of mucous membrane by infection Helicobacter pylori bacteria
253
A hernia is:
protrusion of organ, tissue, or structure through wall of cavity in which it is naturally contained
protrusions of abdominal organs (viscera) through the abdominal wall.
254
inguinal hernia develops in the
groin where the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs
255
strangulated hernia
the blood supply to the hernia is cut off because of pressure leading to necrosis with gangrene
256
umbilical hernia
is a protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel.
257
2 types of hernias in the diaphram
diaphragmatic and hiatal
258
diaphragmatic hernia
congenital disorder
259
hiatal hernia
lower part of esophagus and top of stomach slide through opening (hiatus) in diaphragm into thorax (stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, causing heartburn, chest pain, and swallowing difficulty)
260
cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
prolonged hiatal hernias
261
Cause of hepatitis, an inflammatory condition of the liver.
toxic substances; obstructions in bile ducts; metabolic diseases; autoimmune diseases; and bacterial or viral infections
262
3 common forms of hepatitis:
```
hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis)
hepatitis B (serum hepatitis)
hepatitis C
```
263
How types of hepatitis are transmitted:
A - contaminated food, water, milk
| B (curable), C (noncurable) - mouth, sexual contact
264
bilirubin
yellow compound formed during the destruction of erythrocytes
265
Diverticulosis
small, blisterlike pockets (diverticula) develop in lining of large intestine -may balloon through intestinal wall.
266
Diverticulosis is most common in this location:
sigmoid colon
267
Types of stomach cancer:
esophageal,
gastric adeno-,
hepatocellular,
pancreatic
carcinomas.
268
Colorectal cancer
common type of intestinal cancer in the US
| originates in the epithelial lining of the colon or rectum and can occur anywhere in the large intestine.
269
anorexia
Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
270
appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix, usually caused by obstruction or infection
271
ascites
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, usually as a result of chronic liver disease, a neoplasm, or an inflammatory disorder in the abdomen
272
borborygmus
Loud rumbling/gurgling noises, caused by passage of gas through liquid contents of the intestine
273
cachexia
WASTING SYNDROME
| Physical wasting associated with AIDS and cancer
274
Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder
cholelithiasis
275
cirrhosis
Scarring/dysfunction of liver caused by chronic liver disease
276
Crohn disease
REGIONAL ENTERITIS
| inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually ileum but could affect any portion of the intestinal tract
277
dysentery
Inflammation of intestine (colon)/bloody diarrhea
| from ingesting water/food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites
278
flatus
Gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus
279
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Backflow into esophagus from malfunction of sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus
280
halitosis
Foul-smelling breath
281
hematemesis
Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
282
hemorrhoids
Swollen varicose veins in the anorectal region categorized as external or internal
283
intestinal obstruction
Mechanical/functional blockage of intestines where intestinal contents can't move forward due to partial/complete blockage of bowel
284
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
abdominal pain/altered bowel function (constipation, diarrhea, or alternating)
no organic cause
Aka also spastic colon
285
malabsorption syndrome
Impaired villi - unable to transfer nutrients, minerals or fluid to blood and lymph
286
melena
Dark, tarlike feces that contain digested blood from bleeding in the esophagus or stomach
287
obesity
Excessive accumulation of fat
exceeds skeletal/physical standards
20%+ above ideal body weight
288
morbid
Obesity in which body mass index (BMI) is greater than 40, and generally 100 lb or more over ideal body weight
289
obstipation
Severe constipation, which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction
290
oral leukoplakia
Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation
291
pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
292
pyloric stenosis
Stricture/narrowing of pyloric sphincter causing obstruction that blocks flow of food
293
regurgitation
A backward flow, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach
294
ulcerative colitis
Chronic inflammatory disease of colon
| starts in rectum/sigmoid colon, extending upward into rest of colon
295
vomiting blood
hematemesis
296
difficulty swallowing or inability to swallow
dysphagia
297
varicose veins in the rectal area
hemorrhoids
298
foul-smelling breath
halitosis
299
loss of appetite
anorexia
300
dark, tarry stools caused by presence of blood in the GI tract
melena
301
yellowing of the skin caused by liver disease
cirrhosis
302
state of ill health, malnutrition, and wasting
cachexia
303
intractable constipation
obstipation
304
gurgling audible noises caused by pass of gas through the liquid contents of the stomach
borborygmus
305
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
ascites
306
form of inflammatory bowel disease, usually of the ileum
Crohn disease
307
passage of fat in large amounts in the feces
steatorrhea
308
formation of white patches on the mucous membrane of the cheek
leukoplakia
309
gas in the gastrointestinal tract
flatus
310
gastrointestinal endoscopy
Visual examination of GI tract using endoscope* to identify abnormalities (bleeding, ulcerations, and tumors)
*flexible fiberoptic instrument w/ magnifying lens/light
311
hepatitis panel
Panel of blood tests that identifies the specific strain of HIV by testing serum using antibodies to each HIV antigen
312
liver function tests (LFTs)
Blood tests that evaluate liver injury/function/conditions associated with biliary tract
313
serum bilirubin
Measurement of bilirubin level in blood
314
stool culture
Test to identify microorganisms/parasites in feces causing gastrointestinal infection
315
stool guaiac
Test that applies guaiac to stool sample to detect presence of hidden* blood in feces
aka Hemoccult
*occult
316
computed tomography (CT)
Imaging technique where xray is rotated around area to measure intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
317
lower gastrointestinal series
Radiographic images of rectum/colon after insertion of barium
AKA: GI series, barium enema
318
oral cholecystography (OCG)
Radiographic images of gallbladder after administration of contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet
319
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Radio waves and strong magnetic field used to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues
320
magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
Special MRI technique that produces detailed images of hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems
321
ultrasonography (US)
ULTRASOUND
| high-frequency sound waves directed at soft tissue, “echoes” produce image
322
abdominal (ultrasound)
Ultrasound visualization of abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder
323
endoscopic (ultrasound)
endoscopy/ultrasound to examine/obtain images of digestive tract and surroundings
324
upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS)
Radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium; also called barium swallow
325
anastomosis
Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
326
ileorectal
Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis
327
intestinal (surgery)
Surgical connection of two portions of the intestines
328
appendectomy
Excision of a diseased appendix using an open or laparoscopic procedure
329
open (appendectomy)
Excision of a diseased appendix through a 2” to 3” incision in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen
330
laparoscopic (appendectomy)
Minimally invasive appendectomy using three small abdominal incisions while monitoring an enlarged image of the surgical site projected on a monitor
331
bariatric surgery
Group of procedures that treat morbid obesity
332
vertical banded gastroplasty
(Bariatric surgery)
vertical stapling of upper stomach near esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness
333
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)
(Bariatric surgery) stapling the stomach to decrease size, shortening jejunum and connecting it to small stomach,
(causes base of duodenum to form a Y configuration),
decreases pathway of food through intestine, reducing absorption of calories and fats;
also called gastric bypass with gastroenterostomy
334
colostomy
Surgical procedure in which a surgeon forms an opening (stoma) by drawing the healthy end of the colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall and suturing it into place
335
lithotripsy
Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves
336
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts
337
paracentesis
remove fluid from abdomen using a long, thin needle into the belly
aka abdominocentesis
338
polypectomy
Excision of a polyp
339
nasogastric intubation
Insertion of nasogastric tube through nose into stomach to:
- removing gas, food, or gastric secretions;
- instill medication, food, or fluids;
- obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis
340
antacids
Counteract or neutralize acidity, usually in the stomach
341
antidiarrheals
Control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract
342
antiemetics
Control nausea/vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to brain (some speed up movement of food through the digestive tract)
343
antispasmodics
Decrease GI spasms by SLOWING PERISTALSIS
| treat IBS, spastic colon, and diverticulitis.
344
histamine-2 (H2) blockers
Block secretion of stomach acid by blocking H2 receptor
| -treats acid reflux and gastric/duodenal ulcers.
345
laxatives
Treat constipation by INCREASING PERISTALSIS or INCREASING WATER/ELECTROLYTE secretion to induce defecation
346
proton pump inhibitors
Suppress basal and stimulated acid production by inhibiting the acid pump in the gastric cells
347
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
348
Ba
barium
349
BaE, BE
barium enema
350
BM
bowel movement
351
BMI
body mass index
352
CT
computed tomography
353
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
354
ESWL
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
355
EUS
endoscopic ultrasonography (x-ray studies)
356
GBS
gallbladder series
357
GER
gastroesophageal reflux
358
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
359
OCG
oral cholecystography
360
PE
physical examination; pulmonary embolism; pressure-equalizing (tube)
361
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
362
R/O
rule out
363
GI
gastrointestinal
364
HAV
hepatitis A virus
365
HBV
hepatitis B virus
366
HCV
hepatitis C virus
367
HDV
hepatitis D virus
368
HEV
hepatitis E virus
369
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
370
LFT
liver function test
371
LUQ
left upper quadrant
372
MRCP
magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
373
NG
nasogastric
374
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
375
RGB
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
376
RUQ
right upper quandrant
377
UGIS
upper gastrointestinal series
378
US
ultrasound; ultrasonography
379
procedure to visualize biliary and pancreatic ducts by using magnetic resonance imaging
MRCP
380
2. procedure in which shock waves break up calculi in the biliary ducts
ESWL
381
3. disorder that affects the colon and causes constipation and diarrhea; also called spastic colon
IBS
382
4. agents that alleviate muscle spasms
antispasmodics
383
5. surgical reconstruction of a bile duct
choledochoplasty
384
6. administration of a barium enema while a series of radiographs is taken of the colon
lower GI series
385
7. visual examination of the stomach
gastroscopy
386
8. agents that control nausea and vomiting
antiemetics
387
9. insertion of a tube into any hollow organ
intubation
388
10. surgical formation of a passage or opening between two hollow viscera or vessels
anastomosis
389
11. detects presence of blood in the feces; also called Hemoccult
stool guaiac
390
12. visual examination of a cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument
endoscopy
391
13. used to treat constipation
laxatives
392
14. neutralize excess acid in the stomach and help to relieve gastritis and ulcer pain
antacids
393
15. test to identify microorganisms present in feces
stool culture
394
16. measures the levels of certain enzymes, bilirubin, and various proteins
liver function tests
395
17. surgery that treats morbid obesity
bariatric
396
18. immediately
stat.
397
19. endoscopic procedure for visualization of the rectosigmoid colon
proctosigmoidoscopy
398
20. radiographic imaging of the esophagus, duodenum, and stomach after ingestion of barium
upper GI series
