Ch. 15 Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
The nervous system functions:
A
senses physical/chemical changes in internal/external environments, processes them, and then responds to maintain homeostasis.
coordinates, regulates, and integrates voluntary/ involuntary activities
2
Q
The nervous system relies on:
A
transmission of electrochemical impulses throughout the body
3
Q
afferent
A
Carry or move inward or toward a central structure
4
Q
blood–brain barrier
A
Protective mechanism that blocks specific substances found in the bloodstream from entering delicate brain tissue
5
Q
efferent
A
Carry or move away from a central structure
6
Q
limbic system
A
Complex neural system located beneath the cerebrum that controls basic emotions and drives and plays an important role in memory
7
Q
neurilemma
A
Additional external myelin sheath that is formed by Schwann cells and found only on axons in the peripheral nervous system
8
Q
ventricle
A
Organ chamber or cavity that receives or holds fluid
9
Q
two principal cell types
A
neurons and neuroglia
10
Q
Neurons
A
transmit impulses
11
Q
neurons and nerves are classified as
A
afferent (when the impulse moves toward the brain or spinal cord) or
efferent (when the impulse moves away from the brain or spinal cord)
12
Q
The three major structures of the neuron are
A
the cell body, axon, and dendrites.
13
Q
cell body
A
is the enlarged structure of the neuron that contains the (2) nucleus of the cell and various organelles.
14
Q
axons
A
carry impulses from the cell body.
Axons are threadlike extensions of nerve cells that transmit impulses to dendrites of other neurons and to muscles and glands.
possess a white, lipoid covering called a (5) myelin sheath.
15
Q
dendrites
A
branching cytoplasmic projections
carry impulses to cell body
resemble tiny branches on a tree, providing additional surface area for receiving impulses from other neurons.
16
Q
myelin sheath
A
lipoid covering on axon (electrical insulator)
reduces impulse stimulating adjacent nerves
accelerates impulse transmission through axon
17
Q
Schwann cell
A
forms myelin sheath on nerves in the peripheral nervous system
wraps tightly around the axon
exterior surface forms a thin tube called the (7) neurilemma, or neurolemma
18
Q
neurilemma
A
acts as a protective coat for peripheral neurons. If the neurilemma covering remains intact after an injury to the nerve, it forms a tube that provides a pathway for possible neuron regeneration after injury.
19
Q
Oligodendrocytes
A
form myelin sheath in CENTRAL nervous system
injuries to neurons irreparable (no neurilemma made)
20
Q
nodes of Ranvier
A
short, unmyelinated spaces between myelin sheath
help speed the transmission of impulses down axon
21
Q
synapse
A
functional connection between neuron and another neuron or it’s effector organ (muscle or gland)
includes transmitter site, synaptic cleft, and receptor site
22
Q
neurotransmitter
A
chemical substance caused/released by axon
diffuses across the synapse
attaches to receiving neuron that immediately inactivates it
23
Q
Neuroglia
A
means “nerve glue”
cells that supply nutrients & O2 to neurons
bind neurons to other neurons and body tissues
they do not transmit impulses
24
Q
4 types of neuraglia:
A
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependyma.
25
Astrocytes
star-shaped neuroglia
three-dimensional mechanical support for neurons
form tight sheaths around the capillaries of brain
mildly phagocytic functions in brain/spinal cord
26
blood–brain barrier
sheaths formed by astrocytes
blocks large unwanted substances from brain tissue
considered when developing medicines
27
Oligodendrocytes
AKA oligodendroglia
| develope myelin on axons in CENTRAL nervous system
28
Microglia,
the smallest of the neuroglia, possess phagocytic properties and become very active during times of infection.
29
Ependyma
ciliated cells that line fluid-filled cavities of CNS
especially ventricles of the brain
assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
30
The two major divisions of the nervous system are
central & peripheral nervous system
31
The central nervous system consists of
all nervous tissue located in the brain and spinal cord.
32
The peripheral nervous system includes
all nervous tissue located outside the central nervous system and consists of cranial and spinal nerves.
33
Nervous System Structures
Central
- brain
- spinal cord
Peripheral
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
34
Brain
Center for thought and emotion, interpretation of sensory stimuli, and coordination of body functions
integrates almost every physical and mental activity of the body and is the center for memory, emotion, thought, judgment, reasoning, and consciousness.
35
Spinal Cord
Main pathway for transmission of information between the brain and body
36
Cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the base of the skull and may act in a motor capacity, sensory capacity, or both
37
Spinal nerves
31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spine and act in motor and sensory capacities
38
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of:
the brain and spinal cord
white matter - axon bundles w/ white lipoid myelin sheaths
gray matter - unmyelinated fibers, dendrites, nerve cell bodies
39
Review Lower Half of Figure 15-3
pg 518
40
The four major structures of the brain are the following:
* Cerebrum
* Cerebellum
* Diencephalon
* Brainstem
41
cerebrum
largest, uppermost portion with 2 hemispheres
sensory perception/interpretation, language, voluntary movement, and memory.
42
corpus callosum
joins these hemispheres, permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain.
43
Each hemisphere consists of five lobes.
```
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula (internal)
```
44
gyri
the numerous folds (convolutions) of the cerebral surface
45
sulci
furrows, or fissures that separate the gyri
46
cerebral cortex
thin layer of gray matter that covers the entire cerebrum
| processes information
47
limbic system
primitive "emotional: brain beneath the cerebrum
works with "thinking" brain
essential for survival
controls rage, fear, food enjoyment, sexual behavior
Mental/emotional illnesses result of chemical/electrical imbalance of limbic system.
48
Cerebellum
2nd largest structure of brain, posterior portion
movement, posture, balance.
The cerebrum initiates muscular movement and the cerebellum coordinates and refines it.
49
Diencephalon
interbrain
| composed of thalamus and hypothalamus
50
thalamus
receives/processes all sensory stimuli (not olfactory)
transmits to appropriate centers in cerebral cortex
receives cerebrum impulses & relays to efferent nerves
51
hypothalamus
regulates involuntary activities (heart rate, body temp., fluid balance) and many endocrine functions.
52
Brainstem
composed of midbrain, medulla, and pons,
impulse conduction path btwn brain & spinal cord
origin of 10/12 pairs of cranial nerves
controls respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate
controls beginning of life (initiation of heartbeat )
and end of life (cessation of respiration/heart activity)
53
midbrain
AKA mesencephalon
| separates cerebrum from brainstem
54
medulla
attaches to spinal cord
55
pons
AKA bridge
| connects midbrain to medulla
56
Spinal Cord/ nerves
transmits sensory impulses from body to brain
and motor impulses from brain to muscles/organs
spinal nerves exit between intervertebral spaces
are identified by region of vertebral column
57
ascending tracts
sensory nerve tracts
| the direction of the impulse is upward.
58
motor nerve tracts
carry impulses in a downward direction to muscles and organs.
59
3 meninges and general function:
provide limited protection of brain and spinal cord
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
60
dura mater
AKA pachymeninges.
outermost covering of brain/spinal cord.
tough, fibrous, dense connective tissue
61
subdural space
cavity beneath dura mater
| filled with serous fluid
62
arachnoid
loosely fitting, spiderweb-like middle covering of brain & spinal cord
63
cerebrospinal fluid
sit in a subarachnoid space
colorless fluid of protein, glucose, urea, salt, WBC
circulates around/through spinal cord/brain
provides nutrients
acts as shock absorber
64
hydrocephalus
condition of any interference with the absorption of cerebral spinal fluid
results in a collection of fluid in the brain
65
pia mater
innermost meninx
adheres to brain/spinal cord
contains numerous blood vessels/lymphatics that nourish underlying tissues
66
leptomeninges
both the arachnoid and pia mater together
67
Read on Peripheral Nervous System
pg 520 - 523
68
Complete Lower Portion of Anatomy Review
pg 524
69
The main function of the nervous system
is to identify and respond to internal and external changes in the environment to maintain homeostasis.
70
Functional relationships between the nervous system and
Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune
* identifies/responds to changes in blood/lymph composition to maintain homeostasis.
* identifies pathologically altered tissue and assists immune system in containing injury and promoting healing.
71
Functional relationships between the nervous system and
Cardiovascular
* Nervous tissue, especially the conduction system of the heart, transmits a contraction impulse.
* The nervous system identifies pressure changes on vascular walls and responds to regulate blood pressure.
72
Functional relationships between the nervous system and
Digestive
* stimuli propel food by peristalsis.
| * receptors identify need to defecate.
73
Functional relationships between the nervous system and
Endocrine
• The hypothalamus regulates hormone production.
74
Functional relationships between the nervous system and
Female Reproductive
* transmits contraction impulses for delivery
* provides stimuli needed for lactation
* regulates hormones for menstrual cycle
75
Functional relationships between the nervous system and
Integumentary
* environmental stimuli response
| * body temperature regulation (shivering/sweating)
76
Functional relationships between the nervous system and
Male Reproductive
* regulates sexual responses
| * provides pleasure responses through nervous tissue
77
Functional relationships between the nervous system and
Musculoskeletal
* impulses (contraction) resulting in voluntary/involuntary movement of muscles.
* Autonomic nervous tissue responds to positional changes.
78
Functional relationships between the nervous system and
Respiratory
* The nervous system stimulates muscle contractions that create the pressure changes necessary for ventilation.
* The nervous system regulates the rate and depth of breathing.
79
Functional relationships between the nervous system and
Urinary
* The nervous system stimulates the thirst reflex when body fluid levels are low.
* The nervous system regulates all aspects of urine formation.
80
cerebr/o
cerebrum
81
cerebr/o/tomy
incision of the cerebrum
82
crani/o
cranium (skull)
83
crani/o/malacia
softening of the cranium
84
encephal/o
brain
85
encephal/o/cele
hernia, swelling of the brain
86
gangli/o
ganglion (knot or knotlike mass)
87
gangli/ectomy
removal of the ganglion (knot or knotlike mass)
88
gli/o
glue; neuroglial tissue
89
gli/oma
tumor of neuroglial tissue
90
kinesi/o
movement
91
brady/kines/ia
condition of slow movement
92
lept/o
thin, slender
93
lept/o/mening/o/pathy
disease of thin, slender meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
94
lex/o
word, phrase
95
dys/lex/ia
condition of bad, painful, difficult, word, phrase
96
mening/o
meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
97
mening/o
meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
98
mening/o/cele
hernia, swelling of the meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
99
meningi/o
meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
100
meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
mening/o
| meningi/o
101
meningi/oma
tumor of meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
102
myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord
103
poli/o/myel/itis
inflammation of the gray; gray matter and bone marrow; spinal cord
104
narc/o
stupor; numbness; sleep
105
narc/o/tic
pertaining to stupor; numbness; sleep
106
neur/o
nerve
107
neur/o/lysis
separation; destruction; loosening of nerve
108
radicul/o
nerve root
109
radicul/algia
pain of nerve root
110
sthen/o
strength
111
hyper/sthen/ia
condition of excessive, above normal strength
112
thalam/o
thalamus
113
thalam/o/tomy
incision of the thalamus
114
thec/o
sheath (usually referring to the meninges)
115
intra/thec/al
pertaining to within the sheath (usually referring to the meninges)
116
ton/o
tension
117
dys/ton/ia
condition of bad, painful, difficult tension
118
ventricul/o
ventricle (of the heart or brain)
119
ventricul/itis
inflammation of the ventricle (of the heart or brain)
120
-algesia
pain
121
an/algesia
pain without
122
-algia
pain
123
pain
- algesia
| - algia
124
syn/algia
pain union, together, joined
125
-asthenia
weakness, debility
126
my/asthenia
muscle weakness, debility
127
-esthesia
feeling
128
hyper/esthesia
excessive, above normal feeling
129
-kinesia
movement
130
hyper/kinesia
excessive, above normal movement
131
-lepsy
seizure
132
narc/o/lepsy
sleep seizure
133
-paresis
partial paralysis
134
hemi/paresis
one-half partial paralysis
135
-phasia
speech
136
a/phasia
without speech
137
-plegia
paralysis
138
quadri/plegia
paralysis of four
139
-taxia
order, coordination
140
a/taxia
without order
141
pachy-
thick
142
pachy/mening/itis
inflammation of thick meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
143
para-
near, beside; beyond
144
para/plegia
paralysis near, beside; beyond
145
syn-
union, together, joined
146
syn/algia
pain union, together, joined
147
Complete Learning Activity 15-1
pg 548
148
Complete Learning Activity 15-2
pg 549
149
dyskinesia
involuntary movement
150
Neurology
is the branch of medicine concerned with neurological diseases
151
neurologist
The physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders
152
Psychiatry
is the branch of medicine concerned with mental illnesses
153
psychiatrist.
The physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental illness
154
Disorders of the Nervous System
Cerebrovascular Disease
Seizure Disorders
Multiple Sclerosis
Mental Illness
155
Cerebrovascular Disease
group of disorders affecting the vessels that supply blood to the brain.
causes stokes
156
3 major types of stokes:
ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage
157
2 other terms for stoke:
cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or “brain attack
158
intracerebral hemorrhage
sudden rupture of an artery within the brain
159
subarachnoid hemorrhage
blood is released into the space between the brain and the tissues that surround the brain. This condition is commonly caused by a ruptured aneurysm and is usually fatal
160
ischemic stroke
are similar to that of a heart attack and include emboli, thrombi, and atherosclerosis that limit blood flow to brain tissue
161
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
aka mini stroke
type of stroke in which symptoms resolve within 24 hours and do not cause permanent damage. TIAs require immediate medical attention because they are often a precursor to a full-blown stroke.
162
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination
163
Seizure disorders
sudden changes in behavior/consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity in brain
epileptic seizures and nonepileptic seizures
164
epileptic seizures
no known cause, are chronic, and occur repeatedly
165
nonepileptic seizures
triggered by disorders or conditions that irritate the brain.
These triggers commonly include brain injury, congenital anomalies, metabolic disorders, brain tumors, fever, vascular disturbances, and genetic disorders.
166
partial seizures
only a portion of the brain is involved. There is a short alteration of consciousness of about 10 to 30 seconds with repetitive, unusual movements and confusion.
167
generalized seizure
, the entire brain is involved. The most common type of generalized seizure is the tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure
168
tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure
. In tonic-clonic seizures, the body alternates between excessive muscle tone and rigidity (tonic) and jerking muscle contractions (clonic) in the extremities.
169
postictal event
After the seizure, such neurological symptoms as weakness, confusion, headache, and nausea may occur. These symptoms are called a postictal event, which commonly lasts for 5 to 30 minutes but may last longer with a severe seizure.
170
aura
Many patients experience a warning signal (aura) of an imminent seizure
171
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
autoimmune disease
targets CNS myelin sheath on nerves
impedes transmission of electrical impulses
172
Mental illness
includes an array of psychological disorders, syndromes, and behavioral patterns that cause alterations in mood, behavior, and thinking
173
clinical psychologists
individuals trained in evaluating human behavior, intelligence, and personality
174
affective disorder
Psychological disorder in which the major characteristic is an abnormal mood, usually mania or depression
175
anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain adequate weight for age and height and an all-consuming desire to remain thin
176
anxiety
Psychological “worry” disorder characterized by excessive pondering or thinking “what if…”
177
attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Disorder affecting children and adults and characterized by impulsiveness, overactivity, and the inability to remain focused on a task
178
autism
Developmental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and an abnormal absorption in fantasy, usually accompanied by an inability to communicate even on a basic level
179
bipolar disorder
Mental disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, emotion, energy, and the ability to function; also called manic-depressive illness
q
180
bulimia nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by binging (overeating) and purging (vomiting or use of laxatives)
181
depression
Mood disorder associated with sadness, despair, discouragement and, commonly, feelings of low self-esteem, guilt, and withdrawal
182
mania
Mood disorder characterized by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganized behavior, and excessively elevated mood
183
neurosis
Nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior
184
panic attack
Sudden, intense feeling of fear that comes without warning and is not attributable to any immediate danger
185
psychosis
Major emotional disorder in which contact with reality is lost to the point that the individual is incapable of meeting the challenges of daily life
186
primary intracranial tumors
Intracranial tumors that originate directly in brain tissue
187
papilledema
optic disc in the back of the eyeball swells
188
gnos
knowing
189
agnosia
Inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory, or other sensations, even though the sensory sphere is intact
190
Alzheimer disease (AD)
Type of age-associated dementia caused by small lesions called plaques that develop in the cerebral cortex and interrupt the passage of electrochemical signals between cells; also called cerebral degeneration
191
anencephaly
Congenital deformity in which some or all of the fetal brain is missing
192
encephal:
brain
193
closed head trauma
Injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed
194
coma
Abnormally deep unconsciousness with an absence of voluntary response to stimuli
195
concussion
Traumatic injury to the brain that causes unconscoiousness and is commonly of a temporary nature
196
convulsion
Any sudden and violent contraction of one or more voluntary muscles that is commonly associated with such brain disorders as epilepsy
197
dementia
Broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment
198
ment:
mind
199
dyslexia
Inability to learn and process written language, despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability, and exposure
200
lex:
word, phrase
201
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves damaging their myelin sheaths, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness; also called infective or idiopathic polyneuritis
202
herpes zoster
Acute inflammatory eruption of highly painful vesicles on the trunk of the body or, occasionally, the face that is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox; also called shingles (See Fig. 15-7.)
203
Huntington chorea
CNS disorder characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration; also called neurodegenerative genetic disorder
204
hydrocephalus
Accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure (ICP), thinning of brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones
205
lethargy
Abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli
206
myasthenia gravis (MG)
Chronic, progressive disorder in which a loss of neurotransmitter receptors produces increasingly severe muscle weakness (See Fig. 15-8.)
207
-asthenia:
weakness, debility
208
spina bifida
Congenital deformity of the neural tube (embryonic structure that becomes the fetal brain and spinal cord), which fails to close during fetal development; also called neural tube defect
209
meningocele
Form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protrude through the spine
210
myelomeningocele
Most severe form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine
211
occulta
Form of spina bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed, and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin
212
palsy
Paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor
213
Bell palsy
Facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve; also called facial nerve palsy
214
cerebral palsy (CP)
Type of paralysis that affects movement and muscle coordination and may affect gross and fine motor skills
215
paralysis
Loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation
216
paresthesia
Sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity
217
Parkinson disease
Degenerative disorder in which the progressive loss of brain cells leads to impairment in motor function, including tremors, muscular rigidity, and a slowing of movement; also called paralysis agitans or shaking palsy
218
poliomyelitis
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
219
poli/o:
gray; gray matter (of the
brain or spinal cord)
220
radiculopathy
Disorder affecting one or more nerves at the location where the nerve root exits the spine and commonly the result of a herniated or compressed disk, degenerative changes, arthritis, or bone spurs; also called radiculitis
221
radicul/o:
nerve root
222
Reye syndrome
Potentially fatal syndrome that commonly causes brain swelling and liver damage and is characterized by confusion, hyperventilation, violent behavior, seizures, and possibly coma; also called acute noninflammatory encephalopathy and fatty degenerative liver failure
223
syncope
Brief loss of consciousness and posture caused by a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain; also called fainting
224
Complete Learning Activity 15-3
pg 551
225
electroencephalography (EEG)
Recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses (See Fig. 15-11, page 540.)
226
electromyography (EMG)
Recording of electrical signals (action potentials) that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to assess muscular disease or nerve damage
227
lumbar puncture (LP)
Needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids (such as radiopaque substances) to be injected; also called spinal puncture and spinal tap (See Fig. 15-12.)
228
nerve conduction velocity (NCV)
Test that measures the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve
229
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
vLaboratory test to examine a sample of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord that helps diagnose disorders of the central nervous system, including viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemorrhage
230
computed tomography angiography (CTA, CT angiography)
Radiographic image of the interior of a vessel in combination with a CT scan to produce high-resolution, three-dimensional images of blood vessels
231
discography
CT scan of the lumbar region after injection of a contrast medium to detect problems with the spine and spinal nerve roots
232
echoencephalography
Ultrasound technique used to study intracranial structures of the brain and diagnose conditions that cause a shift in the midline structures of the brain
233
magnetic source imaging (MSI)
Noninvasive neuroimaging technique to pinpoint the specific location where seizure activity originates and enable custom surgical treatment for tumor and epileptic tissue resection; also called magnetoencephalography (MEG)
234
myelography
Radiographic examination to detect pathology of the spinal cord, including the location of a spinal cord injury, cysts, and tumors following injection of a contrast medium
235
positron emission tomography (PET)
Computed tomography that records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical and produces a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease
236
cryosurgery
Technique that exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold to destroy it
237
thalamotomy
Partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intractable pain; involuntary movements, including tremors in Parkinson disease; or emotional disturbances
238
tractotomy
Transection of a nerve tract in the brainstem or spinal cord
239
trephination
Technique that cuts a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure
240
ventriculoperitoneal shunting
Relieves intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus by diverting (shunting) excess cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles into the peritoneal or thoracic cavity (See Fig. 15-13.)
241
intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Treatment for ischemic stroke using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a potent clot-busting drug, injected directly into a vein
242
plasmapheresis
Extracorporeal procedure to treat patients with autoimmune diseases by removing their plasma containing the offending antibodies and replacing it with donor plasma or plasma substitutes
243
stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)
Procedure that uses three-dimensional imaging (stereotactic) along with high doses of highly focused radiation to destroy tumors and other abnormal growths in the brain, spinal column, and other body sites with minimal exposure to surrounding healthy tissue
244
anesthetics
Produce partial or complete loss of sensation, with or without loss of consciousness
245
general (anesthetics)
Act upon the brain to produce complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness
246
local (anesthetics)
Act upon nerves or nerve tracts to affect only a local area
247
nerve block
| anesthetics
Blocks pain from the area supplied by that nerve
248
anticonvulsants
Prevent uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures by altering electrical transmission along neurons or altering the chemical composition of neurotransmitters; also called antiepileptics
249
antiparkinsonian agents
Control tremors and muscle rigidity associated with Parkinson disease by increasing dopamine in the brain
250
antianxiety agents
React at distinct receptor sites in the limbic and cortical system to decrease anxiety
251
antipsychotics
Treat psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia by altering chemicals in the brain, including the limbic system, which controls emotions
252
antidepressants
Treat multiple symptoms of depression by increasing levels of specific neurotransmitters
253
hypnotics
Depress central nervous system (CNS) functions, promote sedation and sleep, and relieve agitation, anxiousness, and restlessness
254
psychostimulants
Reduce impulsive behavior by increasing the level of neurotransmitters
255
AD
Alzheimer disease
256
LP
lumbar puncture
257
AChR
acetylcholine receptor
258
MEG
magnetoencephalography
259
ADHD
attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
260
MG
myasthenia gravis
261
CNS
central nervous system
262
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
263
CP
cerebral palsy
264
MS
multiple sclerosis; mental status; musculoskeletal; mitral stenosis
265
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
266
MSI
magnetic source imaging
267
CT
computed tomography
268
NCV
nerve conduction velocity
269
CTA
computed tomographyangiography
270
PET
positron emission tomography
271
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
272
PNS
peripheral nervous system
273
EEG
electroencephalography
274
SRS
stereotactic radiosurgery
275
EMG
electromyography
276
TIA
transient ischemic attack
277
ICP
intracranial pressure
278
tPA
tissue plasminogen activator
279
IV
intravenous
280
Complete Learning Activity 15-4
pg 552
281
The four major types of neuroglia are
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependyma.
