ch.20 blood vessels 2

Question 1

hypertension

Answer 1

chronic resting BP higher than 140/90, can weaken small arteries and cause aneurysms

Question 2

hypotension

Answer 2

chronic low resting BP less than 90/60, can be caused by blood loss, dehydration, anemia

Question 3

Steps to Measure Blood Pressure

Answer 3

1. pressure is increased in the cuff until it exceeds systolic pressure in the brachial artery
2. pressure is released slowly and the examiner listens for sounds of korotkoff w/ a stethoscope
3. first sound occurs when pressure in cuff is less than that in artery and blood starts to flow
4. sounds disappear when the artery is no longer constricted, blood flows freely

Question 4

capillary exchange

Answer 4

two way movement of fluid across capillary walls

Question 5

What leaves the capillaries and what goes to the blood during capillary exchange?

Answer 5

nutrients come out, wastes move from tissue to blood

Question 6

What affects the movement of fluid?

Answer 6

blood pressure, capillary permeability, osmosis

Question 7

What is blood pressure responsible for?

Answer 7

filtration and reabsorption

Question 8

What is the important process of capillary exchange?

Answer 8

diffusion

Question 9

diffusion

Answer 9

lipid-soluble substances diffuse easily
- O2, CO2, steroid hormones

Question 10

Why can’t glucose and electrolytes be diffused?

Answer 10

they are insoluble and must pass through channels, fenestrations, and clefts

Question 11

Why can’t proteins be diffused?

Answer 11

they are too big and must stay in the blood

Question 12

filtration and reabsorption

Answer 12

capillaries reabsorb about 15% of the fluid they filter

Question 13

What system absorbs the rest of the fluid?

Answer 13

lymphatic and they return it to the blood

Question 14

net hydrostatic pressure

Answer 14

drives fluid out of capillary, due to BP

Question 15

Is BP low or high on the arterial end?

Answer 15

BP is high on the arterial end and low on the venous end

Question 16

net osmotic pressure

Answer 16

draws fluid into capillaries due to plasma proteins and BP is same on both ends

Question 17

If the net hydrostatic pressure is greater than net osmotic pressure, what occurs?

Answer 17

nutrients are going to leave

Question 18

If the net osmotic pressure is greater, what occurs?

Answer 18

wastes come in

Question 19

what are some causes of edema?

Answer 19

increased capillary filtration which is caused by increased BP
decreased capillary reabsorption due to decreased osmotic pressure
obstructed lymphatic damage

Question 20

circulatory shock

Answer 20

any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body’s metabolic needs
excess fluid in tissue spaces causes low blood volume and low BP

Question 21

tissue necrosis

Answer 21

oxygen delivery and waste removal impared

Question 22

pulmonary edema

Answer 22

suffocation

Question 23

cerebral edema

Answer 23

headaches, seizures, coma

Question 24

cardiogenic shock

Answer 24

inadequate pumping of heart

Question 25

What are the 3 forms of circulatory shock?

Answer 25

hypovolemic, cardiogenic, vascular

Question 26

hypovolemic shock

Answer 26

results from large scale blood loss, most common

Question 27

cardiogenic shock

Answer 27

results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation

Question 28

vascular shock

Answer 28

results from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance

Question 29

neurogenic shock

Answer 29

loss of vasomotor tone, vasodilation, caused by emotional shock to brainstem injury

Question 30

septic shock

Answer 30

caused by bacterial toxins triggering vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Question 31

anaphylactic shock

Answer 31

caused by a severe immune reaction to antigens and causes release of histamine

Question 32

compensated shock

Answer 32

several homeostatic mechanisms bring about spontaneous recovery
if a person faints and falls to a horizontal position, gravity restores blood flow to the brain

Question 33

decompensated shock

Answer 33

triggers when the compensated shock mechanism fails
life-threatening positive feedback loop occurs

Question 34

brain blood flow

Answer 34

total blood flow to the brain fluctuates less than that of any other organ
brain also regulates its own blood flow

Question 35

hypercapnia

Answer 35

CO2 levels increases in brain, pH decreases, triggers vasodilation

Question 36

hypocapnia

Answer 36

raises pH, stimulates vasoconstriction

Question 37

transient ischemic attacks

Answer 37

brief episodes of cerebral ischemia