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Anatomy II > Chapter 20- Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Chapter 20- Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of arteries?

A

elastic, muscular, arterioles

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3
Q

capillaries

A

site of gas and nutrient exchange

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4
Q

veins

A

carry blood toward the heart

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5
Q

What are the functions of peripheral circulation?

A

carry blood, exchange nutrients, transport hormones, regulate BP, direct blood flow

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6
Q

What is the most common circulatory route?

A

heart—> arteries—> arterioles—> capillaries—> venules—> veins

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7
Q

portal system

A

where blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart

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8
Q

What are some examples of portal systems?

A

kidneys, between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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9
Q

anastomosis

A

point where 2 blood vessels merge

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10
Q

arteriovenous shunt

A

when an artery flows directly into vein (fingers, toes, ears)

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11
Q

Venous anastomis

A

direct connections between small veins and small arteries
-most common and the blockage is less serious

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12
Q

arterial anastomosis

A

occurs in coronary circulation

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13
Q

tunica intima

A

line the blood vessel and exposed to the blood

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14
Q

tunica media

A

thickest layer, middle, prevents RBCs from rupturing due to BP

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15
Q

tunica externa

A

connective tissue that anchors the vessels

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16
Q

conducting/elastic arteries

A

largest
dampens fluctuations in BP
located in pulmonary, aorta, common carotid

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17
Q

distributing/ muscular arteries

A

distribute blood to specific organs
located in brachial, femoral, renal, splenic
most named arteries
smooth muscle

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18
Q

resistance/ small arteries

A

arterioles control the amount of blood to various organs
can dilate or constrict

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19
Q

metarterioles

A

short vessels that link arterioles to capillaries

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20
Q

aneurysm

A

weak point in an artery or heart wall

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21
Q

baroreceptors

A

sense pressure and monitor BP
-carotid sinuses

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22
Q

chemoreceptors

A

mainly transmit signals to the brainstem respiratory centers
stabilize pH
-carotid bodies and aortic bodies monitor blood chemistry

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23
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries

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24
Q

atheriosclerosis

A

plaque on artery walls

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25
Q

What can cause plaque on artery walls?

A

high cholesterol

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26
Q

What are the 3 kinds of capillaries?

A

continous, fenestrated, sinusoids

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27
Q

continuous capillary

A

endothelial cells have tight junctions with intercellular clefts

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28
Q

fenestrated

A

-in the kidneys and small intestines
organs that require rapid absorption or filtration
fenestrations allow passage of small molecules

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29
Q

sinusoids

A

-born in liver, bone marrow, spleen
irregular blood-filled spaces that allow proteins and blood cells to enter

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30
Q

What does the capillary wall consist of?

A

-basal lamina and endothelium layer

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31
Q

What are some characteristics of veins?

A

have lower BP
expand easily
contain valves
high capacitance

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32
Q

What happens if resistance increases?

A

flow decreases

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33
Q

blood pressure

A

force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood
-reflects pressure of arteries near heart

34
Q

pressure gradient

A

provides the driving force that keeps blood moving from high to low pressure

35
Q

resistance

A

a measure of the amount of friction blood encounters

36
Q

What are three importance sources of resistance?

A

blood viscosity, total blood/vessel length, blood vessel diameter

37
Q

What is the relationship between blood viscosity and blood vessel length?

A

relatively constant

38
Q

What occurs if blood vessel diameter increases?

A

peripheral resistance decreases

39
Q

What are arterioles, capillaries, and venules?

A

microvasculature

40
Q

What happens when flow is opposed by resistance?

A

pressure occurs

41
Q

When is pressure the highest?

A

in the aorta

42
Q

systolic pressure

A

BP during ventricular systole

43
Q

diastolic pressure

A

BP during ventricular diastole

44
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic - diastolic
an important measure of stress exerted on small arteries

45
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

diastolic pressure + 1/3 of pulse pressure

46
Q

Why does pressure decrease as we move further from the aorta?

A

it encounters resistance

47
Q

Why is low capillary pressure desirable?

A

high BP would rupture the fragile, thin-walled capillaries

48
Q

How does gravity affect venous return?

A

above the heart it helps it but below the heart it doesn’t

49
Q

What 3 factors aid in venous return?

A

respiratory pump, muscular pump, vasoconstriction

50
Q

respiratory pump

A

pressure changes created during breathing move blood toward the heart

51
Q

muscular pump

A

contraction of skeletal muscles “milk” blood toward the heart and valves prevent backflow

52
Q

vasoconstriction

A

veins under sympathetic control
increases blood pressure

53
Q

What maintains the resting heart rate?

A

vagus nerve stimulated by parasympathetic

54
Q

What happens if you increase venous return?

A

EDV increases

55
Q

What are some effects of short term neural control of BP?

A
  • counteracting fluctuations in BP by altering peripheral resistance
    -it alters the peripheral resistance in order to maintain MAP and route blood
56
Q

baroreflex

A

detect changes in BP
aortic arch, carotid sinuses, aortic sinues

57
Q

How do baroflexes react to high BP?

A

it decreases sympathetic tone

58
Q

Why would decreasing the sympathetic tone decrease high BP?

A

bc the sympathetic is in control of fight or flight which increase HR and BP

59
Q

How does vasodilation affect BP?

A

it causes BP to decrease

60
Q

Why would decreasing the sympathetic tone decrease high BP?

A

bc the sympathetic is in control of fight or flight which increases HR and BP

61
Q

what tissues do the sympathetic system vasodilate?

A

cardiac and skeletal

62
Q

chemoreflexes

A

response to changes in blood chemistry (oxygen, CO2, pH)
located in aortic arch, subclavian, external carotid

63
Q

ischemia

A

inadequate perfusion to a tissue

64
Q

perfusion

A

inadequate blood flow to a tissue

65
Q

medullary ischemia reflex

A

increases CO and causes widespread vasoconstriction

66
Q

aldosterone

A

promotes sodium retention by kidneys
increases BP and blood volume

67
Q

ADH

A

water retention
can cause vasoconstriction in high quantities

68
Q

atrial natriueretic factor

A

increases urinary sodium excretion and decreases BP
vasodilates

69
Q

What effect does high BP have on the kidneys?

A

the kidneys eliminate more urine, reducing BP

70
Q

What effect does low BP have on the kidneys?

A

kidneys conserve water, increasing BP

71
Q

angiotensinogen

A

prohormone produced by the liver
renin is a kidney enzyme released by low BP

72
Q

angiotensin I

A

ACE is an angiotensin-converting enzyme in lungs
ACE inhibitors block this enzyme lowering BP

73
Q

angiotensin II

A

very potent vasoconstrictors, secrete aldosterone, secrete ADH

74
Q

What effect does the renin-angiotensin mechanism have on arterial BP?

A

it decreases arterial BP and causes the release of renin

75
Q

What structure has the most control over peripheral resistance?

A

arterioles

76
Q

autoregulation

A

tissues are trying to maintain blood flow constant despite changing MAP

77
Q

What effect does vasoconstriction have on BP?

A

it increases

78
Q

What are the two types of autoregulation?

A

metabolic and myogenic

79
Q

metabolic control

A

vasodilation of arterioles and relaxation of precapillary sphincters
-occurs in response to hypoxia
-causes relaxation of smooth muscle and release of nitric oxide

80
Q

myogenic responses

A

keeps tissue perfusion constant despite fluctuations in systemic pressure
- stretching promotes vasoconstriction

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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