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Anatomy II > Chapter 20- Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Chapter 20- Blood Vessels Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of arteries?

A

elastic, muscular, arterioles

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3
Q

capillaries

A

site of gas and nutrient exchange

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4
Q

veins

A

carry blood toward the heart

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5
Q

What are the functions of peripheral circulation?

A

carry blood, exchange nutrients, transport hormones, regulate BP, direct blood flow

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6
Q

What is the most common circulatory route?

A

heart—> arteries—> arterioles—> capillaries—> venules—> veins

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7
Q

portal system

A

where blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart

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8
Q

What are some examples of portal systems?

A

kidneys, between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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9
Q

anastomosis

A

point where 2 blood vessels merge

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10
Q

arteriovenous shunt

A

when an artery flows directly into vein (fingers, toes, ears)

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11
Q

Venous anastomis

A

direct connections between small veins and small arteries
-most common and the blockage is less serious

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12
Q

arterial anastomosis

A

occurs in coronary circulation

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13
Q

tunica intima

A

line the blood vessel and exposed to the blood

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14
Q

tunica media

A

thickest layer, middle, prevents RBCs from rupturing due to BP

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15
Q

tunica externa

A

connective tissue that anchors the vessels

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16
Q

conducting/elastic arteries

A

largest
dampens fluctuations in BP
located in pulmonary, aorta, common carotid

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17
Q

distributing/ muscular arteries

A

distribute blood to specific organs
located in brachial, femoral, renal, splenic
most named arteries
smooth muscle

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18
Q

resistance/ small arteries

A

arterioles control the amount of blood to various organs
can dilate or constrict

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19
Q

metarterioles

A

short vessels that link arterioles to capillaries

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20
Q

aneurysm

A

weak point in an artery or heart wall

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21
Q

baroreceptors

A

sense pressure and monitor BP
-carotid sinuses

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22
Q

chemoreceptors

A

mainly transmit signals to the brainstem respiratory centers
stabilize pH
-carotid bodies and aortic bodies monitor blood chemistry

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23
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries

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24
Q

atheriosclerosis

A

plaque on artery walls

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25
What can cause plaque on artery walls?
high cholesterol
26
What are the 3 kinds of capillaries?
continous, fenestrated, sinusoids
27
continuous capillary
endothelial cells have tight junctions with intercellular clefts
28
fenestrated
-in the kidneys and small intestines organs that require rapid absorption or filtration fenestrations allow passage of small molecules
29
sinusoids
-born in liver, bone marrow, spleen irregular blood-filled spaces that allow proteins and blood cells to enter
30
What does the capillary wall consist of?
-basal lamina and endothelium layer
31
What are some characteristics of veins?
have lower BP expand easily contain valves high capacitance
32
What happens if resistance increases?
flow decreases
33
blood pressure
force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood -reflects pressure of arteries near heart
34
pressure gradient
provides the driving force that keeps blood moving from high to low pressure
35
resistance
a measure of the amount of friction blood encounters
36
What are three importance sources of resistance?
blood viscosity, total blood/vessel length, blood vessel diameter
37
What is the relationship between blood viscosity and blood vessel length?
relatively constant
38
What occurs if blood vessel diameter increases?
peripheral resistance decreases
39
What are arterioles, capillaries, and venules?
microvasculature
40
What happens when flow is opposed by resistance?
pressure occurs
41
When is pressure the highest?
in the aorta
42
systolic pressure
BP during ventricular systole
43
diastolic pressure
BP during ventricular diastole
44
pulse pressure
systolic - diastolic an important measure of stress exerted on small arteries
45
mean arterial pressure
diastolic pressure + 1/3 of pulse pressure
46
Why does pressure decrease as we move further from the aorta?
it encounters resistance
47
Why is low capillary pressure desirable?
high BP would rupture the fragile, thin-walled capillaries
48
How does gravity affect venous return?
above the heart it helps it but below the heart it doesn't
49
What 3 factors aid in venous return?
respiratory pump, muscular pump, vasoconstriction
50
respiratory pump
pressure changes created during breathing move blood toward the heart
51
muscular pump
contraction of skeletal muscles "milk" blood toward the heart and valves prevent backflow
52
vasoconstriction
veins under sympathetic control increases blood pressure
53
What maintains the resting heart rate?
vagus nerve stimulated by parasympathetic
54
What happens if you increase venous return?
EDV increases
55
What are some effects of short term neural control of BP?
- counteracting fluctuations in BP by altering peripheral resistance -it alters the peripheral resistance in order to maintain MAP and route blood
56
baroreflex
detect changes in BP aortic arch, carotid sinuses, aortic sinues
57
How do baroflexes react to high BP?
it decreases sympathetic tone
58
Why would decreasing the sympathetic tone decrease high BP?
bc the sympathetic is in control of fight or flight which increase HR and BP
59
How does vasodilation affect BP?
it causes BP to decrease
60
Why would decreasing the sympathetic tone decrease high BP?
bc the sympathetic is in control of fight or flight which increases HR and BP
61
what tissues do the sympathetic system vasodilate?
cardiac and skeletal
62
chemoreflexes
response to changes in blood chemistry (oxygen, CO2, pH) located in aortic arch, subclavian, external carotid
63
ischemia
inadequate perfusion to a tissue
64
perfusion
inadequate blood flow to a tissue
65
medullary ischemia reflex
increases CO and causes widespread vasoconstriction
66
aldosterone
promotes sodium retention by kidneys increases BP and blood volume
67
ADH
water retention can cause vasoconstriction in high quantities
68
atrial natriueretic factor
increases urinary sodium excretion and decreases BP vasodilates
69
What effect does high BP have on the kidneys?
the kidneys eliminate more urine, reducing BP
70
What effect does low BP have on the kidneys?
kidneys conserve water, increasing BP
71
angiotensinogen
prohormone produced by the liver renin is a kidney enzyme released by low BP
72
angiotensin I
ACE is an angiotensin-converting enzyme in lungs ACE inhibitors block this enzyme lowering BP
73
angiotensin II
very potent vasoconstrictors, secrete aldosterone, secrete ADH
74
What effect does the renin-angiotensin mechanism have on arterial BP?
it decreases arterial BP and causes the release of renin
75
What structure has the most control over peripheral resistance?
arterioles
76
autoregulation
tissues are trying to maintain blood flow constant despite changing MAP
77
What effect does vasoconstriction have on BP?
it increases
78
What are the two types of autoregulation?
metabolic and myogenic
79
metabolic control
vasodilation of arterioles and relaxation of precapillary sphincters -occurs in response to hypoxia -causes relaxation of smooth muscle and release of nitric oxide
80
myogenic responses
keeps tissue perfusion constant despite fluctuations in systemic pressure - stretching promotes vasoconstriction

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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