ch.22-respiratory

Question 1

What type of muscle is responsible for the control of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

skeletal

Question 2

What are the top 5 functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

1. gas exchange
2. regulating pH
3. voice production
4. olfaction
5. protection

Question 3

What enters and leaves the body during gas exchange?

Answer 3

oxygen enters blood, CO2 leaves

Question 4

What is the relationship between CO2 and pH?

Answer 4

increasing CO2 decreases pH making it more acidic

Question 5

What occurs if you increase H+ ions?

Answer 5

pH decreases making it more acidic

Question 6

How does smell occur?

Answer 6

airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity

Question 7

What are the functional divisions of the respiratory system?

Answer 7

conducting and respiratory

Question 8

conducting division

Answer 8

passages serve mainly for airflow, nostrils to bronchioles

Question 9

respiratory division

Answer 9

have alveoli for gas exchange

Question 10

What are the anatomical divisions of the RS?

Answer 10

upper and lower respiratory tract

Question 11

upper respiratory tract

Answer 11

organs in head and neck, nose through larynx, pharynx

Question 12

lower respiratory tract

Answer 12

organs of the thorax, trachea through lungs,
larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

Question 13

vestibule

Answer 13

inside nares

Question 14

hard palate

Answer 14

floor of nasal cavity

Question 15

nasal septum

Answer 15

portion dividing the nasal cavity, made of hyaline cartilage

Question 16

conchae

Answer 16

bony ridges on lateral walls w/ meatures between, ensure that inspired air comes into contact w/ mucus

Question 17

functions of nasal cavity

Answer 17

1. passageway of air
2. cleans the air w/ cilia and mucus
3. humidifiers air
4. smell
5. resonating chambers for speech

Question 18

pharynx

Answer 18

connects nose and mouth to larynx and esophagus

Question 19

nasopharynx

Answer 19

air

Question 20

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Answer 20

air and food

Question 21

larynx

Answer 21

voice box

Question 22

What are the unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

Answer 22

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis

Question 23

thyroid cartilage

Answer 23

largest, Adams apple

Question 24

cricoid cartilage

Answer 24

inferior voice box

Question 25

epiglottis

Answer 25

flap that closes to prevent choking

Question 26

What are the paired cartilages of the larynx?

Answer 26

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

Question 27

arytenoids

Answer 27

determine length of vocal folds

Question 28

functions of the larynx

Answer 28

-maintain an open passageway for air movement -prevent swallowed materials from moving into larynx by way of vestibular folds -sound production

Question 29

vocal folds

Answer 29

important for producing sound

Question 30

trachae

Answer 30

supported by hyaline cartilage

Question 31

respiratory zone

Answer 31

site of gas exchange, have macrophages instead of cilia

Question 32

What are the 3 types of cells in the respiratory membrane?

Answer 32

type 1 and 2 pneumocytes, dust cells

Question 33

type 1 pneumocytes

Answer 33

forms 90% of alveolus surface, gas exchange

Question 34

type 2 pneumocytes

Answer 34

produce surfactant

Question 35

hilus

Answer 35

where bronchi and blood vessels enter the lung

Question 36

Pathway to the trachea

Answer 36

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea

Question 37

What are the muscles needed for inspiration?

Answer 37

diaphragm external intercostals pectoralis minor scalenes

Question 38

quiet inspiration

Answer 38

accounts for 2/3 of increase in size of thoracic volume

Question 39

What muscles depress the ribs and sternum for expiration?

Answer 39

abdominal muscles internal intercostals

Question 40

quiet expiration

Answer 40

relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals w/ contraction of abdominal muscles

Question 41

visceral pleura

Answer 41

lines the outside of the lungs

Question 42

parietal pleura

Answer 42

line the chest cavity

Question 43

pleural cavity

Answer 43

filled w/ pleural fluid

Question 44

What are the functions of parietal/pleural fluid?

Answer 44

reduce friction create a pressure gradient compartmentalization

Question 45

What are the structures included in the pulmonary circulation blood supply?

Answer 45

pulmonary arteries and veins

Question 46

pulmonary arteries

Answer 46

deliver systemic venous blood

Question 47

pulmonary veins

Answer 47

carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zone to the heart

Question 48

What are the structures in the systemic circulation blood supply?

Answer 48

bronchial arteries and bronchial veins

Question 49

bronchial arteries

Answer 49

provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue

Question 50

What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 50

inspiration and expiration

Question 51

inspiration

Answer 51

gases flow into the lungs thoracic volume increases intrapulmonary volume increases but the pressure drops atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure

Question 52

expiration

Answer 52

gases exit the lungs intrapulmonary volume decreases, but the pressure increases greater atmospheric pressure

Question 53

atmospheric pressure

Answer 53

pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body

Question 54

intrapulmonary pressure

Answer 54

pressure in alveoli increases w/ expiration, decreases w/ inspiration -lung volume increases

Question 55

intrapleural pressure

Answer 55

pressure in pleural cavity always negative makes sure that lungs remain open

Question 56

What forces promote lung collapse?

Answer 56

elastic recoil of lungs decrease size and surface tension of alveolar fluid

Question 57

What forces prevent lung collapse?

Answer 57

elasticity of the chest wall

Question 58

transpulmonary pressure

Answer 58

intrapulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure

Question 59

The greater the transpulmonary pressure....

Answer 59

the larger the lungs

Question 60

pneumothorax

Answer 60

presence of air in the pleural cavity

Question 61

What occurs if outside pressure is greater than alveolar pressure?

Answer 61

air flows into the alveoli

Question 62

What is the relationship between pressure and volume?

Answer 62

inversely proportional as volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa

Question 63

What occurs as a result of pressure differences?

Answer 63

gases move

Question 64

Why is resistance in the respiratory system insignificant?

Answer 64

because of the large airway diameters and progressive branching

Question 65

What happens as airway resistance rises?

Answer 65

breathing becomes harder

Question 66

pulmonary compliance

Answer 66

the ease with which lungs can be inflated affected by surface tension and the elastic properties of lungs

Question 67

surface tension

Answer 67

thin film of water necessary for gas exchange and creates surface tension that acts to collapse alveoli

Question 68

What effect does surface tension have on lung compliance?

Answer 68

decreasing surface tension increases lung compliance

Question 69

surfactant

Answer 69

decreases surface tension

Question 70

What 3 factors influence pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 70

airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, lung compliance