ch.23 urinary

Question 1

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Answer 1

filter blood
regulate blood volume which alter bp
vitamin D and RBC synthesis
regulate pH

Question 2

What are the organs of the urinary system?

Answer 2

2 kidneys
2 ureters
bladder
urethra

Question 3

hilium

Answer 3

where the renal artery and nerves enter and where renal veins and ureter exist

Question 4

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 4

nephron

Question 5

What 2 structures make up the nephron?

Answer 5

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Question 6

glomerulus

Answer 6

filtrates and collects in capsular space then flows into the renal tubule

Question 7

What are the two types of nephrons?

Answer 7

juxtamedullary and cortical

Question 8

cortical nephron

Answer 8

have short loops of henle

Question 9

juxtamedullary nephron

Answer 9

longer loops of Henle
concentrates urine

Question 10

loop of henle

Answer 10

conducts urine w/in each nephron

Question 11

What does the nephron empty into?

Answer 11

collecting duct

Question 12

afferent arteriole

Answer 12

supplies blood to the glomerulus

Question 13

efferent arteriole

Answer 13

drains the glomerulus

Question 14

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 14

site of renin production

Question 15

kidney circulation

Answer 15

glomerulus–> efferent arteriole–> peritubular capillaries–> vasa recta–> interlobar v.–> arcuate v.–> renal veins

Question 16

What are the 3 steps of urine formation?

Answer 16

-glomerulus filtration
-tubular reabsorption/secretion
-water conservation

Question 17

glomerulus filtration

Answer 17

creates a plasmalike filtrate of the blood

Question 18

tubular reabsorption

Answer 18

removes useful solutes from the filtrate, returns them to the blood

Question 19

tubular secretion

Answer 19

removes additional wastes from the blood and adds them to the filtrate

Question 20

water conservation

Answer 20

removes water from the urine and returns it to the blood and concentrates wastes

Question 21

filtration

Answer 21

movement of fluid across the filtration membrane

Question 22

What can pass through the filtration membrane?

Answer 22

water, small molecules, ions but proteins can’t

Question 23

renal fraction

Answer 23

part of the total cardiac output that passes through the kidneys

Question 24

What is the renal blood flow rate?

Answer 24

1176 mL/min

Question 25

glomerular filtration rate

Answer 25

same amount of filtrate produced each minute

Question 26

What 3 components make up the filtration membrane?

Answer 26

-fenestrated endothelium -basement membrane -filtration slits

Question 27

glomerular capillary pressure

Answer 27

BP inside the capillary moves fluid out of the capillary into bowman's capsule -50 mmHg

Question 28

What is glomerular capillary pressure responsible for?

Answer 28

filtration

Question 29

What is the cause of high glomerular pressure?

Answer 29

low resistance to blood flow in afferent arterioles and glomerular capillaries

Question 30

What occurs when afferent arterioles are dilated?

Answer 30

increases pressure

Question 31

What occurs when afferent arterioles are consricted?

Answer 31

pressure decreases

Question 32

What occurs when efferent arterioles are constricted?

Answer 32

increase pressure

Question 33

capsule pressure

Answer 33

the pressure of filtrate already in the lumen of capsule

Question 34

What is capsule pressure responsible for?

Answer 34

reabsorption

Question 35

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 35

osmotic pressure caused by proteins in blood, favors fluid into the capillary

Question 36

What occurs if blood colloid osmotic pressure is increased?

Answer 36

reabsorption increases

Question 37

What occurs if the GFR increased?

Answer 37

urine output rises causes dehydration and electrolyte depletion

Question 38

What occurs if the GFR is decreased?

Answer 38

wastes reabsorbed azotemia occurs

Question 39

azotemia

Answer 39

buildup of wastes

Question 40

myogenic mechanism

Answer 40

-kind of autoregulation that occurs when BP increases and it constricts the afferent arterioles to lower BP

Question 41

tubuloglomerular feedback

Answer 41

occurs on the macula densa and it monitors the tubular fluid, it signals the juxtaglomerular cells to constrict the afferent arterioles to lower GFR

Question 42

sympathetic control

Answer 42

decreases urine output which constricts afferent arterioles

Question 43

renin angiotensin system

Answer 43

angiotensin II has widespread vasoconstriction to constrict afferent to lower BP

Question 44

macula densa

Answer 44

cells of the distal convoluted tubule in contact w/ afferent arterioles

Question 45

wastes

Answer 45

any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the bodys needs

Question 46

What is the main waste?

Answer 46

urea

Question 47

urea

Answer 47

formed by breakdown of proteins

Question 48

uric acid

Answer 48

formed by breakdown of nucleic acid

Question 49

proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 49

reabsorbs 65% of GF to peritubular capillaries -major site of reabsorption

Question 50

What are the two routes for reabsorption?

Answer 50

transcellular and paracellular

Question 51

transcellular route

Answer 51

through epithelial cells

Question 52

paracellular route

Answer 52

between cells

Question 53

transport maximum

Answer 53

limit to the amount of solute that the renal tubules can reabsorb

Question 54

What occurs if all transporters are occupied?

Answer 54

excess solutes appear in urine

Question 55

secretion

Answer 55

waste removal of urea, uric, ammonia

Question 56

nephron loop

Answer 56

important for water conservation