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Anatomy II > Chapter 17: Endocrine system > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

exocrine glands

A

ducts carry secretion to the body surface or other organ activity

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2
Q

endocrine glands

A

have no ducts, release hormones into tissue fluids, carried in the blood, produce hormones

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3
Q

hormone

A

chemical messenger secreted into bloodstream

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4
Q

target cells

A

have receptors for hormone

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5
Q

hypothalamus

A

i feel center, regulates functions such as water balance and sex drive
-many of its functions are carried out by the pituitary
-hormones inhibit and release
-these hormones target the anterior pituitary

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6
Q

posterior pituitary

A

no hormones are produced here, only stored for release
-the hormones stored here are ADH and oxytocin
-positive feedback loops

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7
Q

ADH

A

targets kidneys to increase water retention and reduce urine

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8
Q

oxytocin

A

involved in labor contractions and lactation

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9
Q

anterior pituitary

A

-targeted by hypothalamic hormones
-all hormones are tropins(regulate the hormone secretions of target organs)
-negative feedback

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10
Q

tropins

A

hormones that regulate the hormone secretions of target endocrine tissues

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11
Q

What controls the pituitary?

A

hypothalamus and cerebral cortex

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12
Q

anterior lobe control

A

releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

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13
Q

growth hormone

A

-has the most widespread effects on the body
-induces liver to produce growth stimulants

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14
Q

pineal gland

A

-synchronizes physiological function w/in 24 hours circadian rhythms of daylight and darkness
-synthesizes melatonin
-undergoes involution

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15
Q

thymus

A

plays a role in endocrine, lymphatic, and immune
-goes through involution after puberty

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16
Q

thyroid

A

largest endocrine gland w/ high rate of blood flow
-secretes iodine
-

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17
Q

calcitonin

A

decreases blood calcium
-secreted by thyroid

18
Q

parathyroid glands

A

secrete PTH and target tissues are bone, kidneys, and intestines
-the release of PTH increases blood calcium levels and promotes the synthesis of calcitriol

19
Q

mineralcorticoids

A

aldosterone promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion(salt conserving hormone)

20
Q

glucocorticoids

A

mainly cortisol
stimulates fat and protein catabolism
release of fatty acids and glucose into blood

21
Q

sex steroids

A

androgen and estrogen

22
Q

insulin

A

secreted after a meal
lowers blood sugar

23
Q

glucagon

A

secreted when blood sugar levels fall

24
Q

somatostatin

A

secreted after a meal and monitors the secretion of insulin and glucagon
-paracrine secretion

25
Q

hyperglycemic hormones

A

raise blood sugar
epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon

26
Q

hypoglycemic hormones

A

lowers blood sugar, insulin

27
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

disruption of metabolism due to hyposecretion or inaction of insulin
symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

28
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

-lack of insulin
-treatment includes insulin injections
-autoantibodies attack and destroy pancreatic beta cells

29
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insulin resistance,

30
Q

pathogenesis

A

cells can’t absorb glucose, must rely on fat and proteins for energy needs

31
Q

fat catabolism

A

increases free fatty acids and ketones in the blood

32
Q

ketonuria

A

promotes osmotic diuresis

33
Q

ketoacidosis

A

occurs in ketones decrease blood’s pH

34
Q

Which has a faster reaction time: nervous or endocrine?

A

nervous

35
Q

What is more widespread: nervous or endocrine

A

endocrine

36
Q

steroids

A

derived from cholesterol
secreted by gonads and adrenal cortex
estrogen, testosterone, cortisol
hydrophobic

37
Q

peptides and glycoproteins

A

created from chains of amino acids
secreted by pituitary and hypothalamus
oxytocin, ADH
-hydrophilic

38
Q

monoamines

A

derived from amino acids
secreted by adrenal medulla, pineal, thyroid
norepinephrine, melatonin

39
Q

up regulation

A

number of receptors is increased, increases sensitivity

40
Q

down regulation

A

reduces number of receptors, sensitive to hormones

41
Q

synergistic effects

A

multiple hormones act together for greater effect
FSH and tesosterone

42
Q

permissive effects

A

one hormone enhances the target organ’s response
estrogen prepares uterus for progesterone

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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