Chapter 17: Endocrine system

Question 1

exocrine glands

Answer 1

ducts carry secretion to the body surface or other organ activity

Question 2

endocrine glands

Answer 2

have no ducts, release hormones into tissue fluids, carried in the blood, produce hormones

Question 3

hormone

Answer 3

chemical messenger secreted into bloodstream

Question 4

target cells

Answer 4

have receptors for hormone

Question 5

hypothalamus

Answer 5

i feel center, regulates functions such as water balance and sex drive
-many of its functions are carried out by the pituitary
-hormones inhibit and release
-these hormones target the anterior pituitary

Question 6

posterior pituitary

Answer 6

no hormones are produced here, only stored for release
-the hormones stored here are ADH and oxytocin
-positive feedback loops

Question 7

ADH

Answer 7

targets kidneys to increase water retention and reduce urine

Question 8

oxytocin

Answer 8

involved in labor contractions and lactation

Question 9

anterior pituitary

Answer 9

-targeted by hypothalamic hormones
-all hormones are tropins(regulate the hormone secretions of target organs)
-negative feedback

Question 10

tropins

Answer 10

hormones that regulate the hormone secretions of target endocrine tissues

Question 11

What controls the pituitary?

Answer 11

hypothalamus and cerebral cortex

Question 12

anterior lobe control

Answer 12

releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

Question 13

growth hormone

Answer 13

-has the most widespread effects on the body
-induces liver to produce growth stimulants

Question 14

pineal gland

Answer 14

-synchronizes physiological function w/in 24 hours circadian rhythms of daylight and darkness
-synthesizes melatonin
-undergoes involution

Question 15

thymus

Answer 15

plays a role in endocrine, lymphatic, and immune
-goes through involution after puberty

Question 16

thyroid

Answer 16

largest endocrine gland w/ high rate of blood flow
-secretes iodine
-

Question 17

calcitonin

Answer 17

decreases blood calcium
-secreted by thyroid

Question 18

parathyroid glands

Answer 18

secrete PTH and target tissues are bone, kidneys, and intestines
-the release of PTH increases blood calcium levels and promotes the synthesis of calcitriol

Question 19

mineralcorticoids

Answer 19

aldosterone promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion(salt conserving hormone)

Question 20

glucocorticoids

Answer 20

mainly cortisol
stimulates fat and protein catabolism
release of fatty acids and glucose into blood

Question 21

sex steroids

Answer 21

androgen and estrogen

Question 22

insulin

Answer 22

secreted after a meal
lowers blood sugar

Question 23

glucagon

Answer 23

secreted when blood sugar levels fall

Question 24

somatostatin

Answer 24

secreted after a meal and monitors the secretion of insulin and glucagon
-paracrine secretion

Question 25

hyperglycemic hormones

Answer 25

raise blood sugar epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon

Question 26

hypoglycemic hormones

Answer 26

lowers blood sugar, insulin

Question 27

diabetes mellitus

Answer 27

disruption of metabolism due to hyposecretion or inaction of insulin symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

Question 28

type 1 diabetes

Answer 28

-lack of insulin -treatment includes insulin injections -autoantibodies attack and destroy pancreatic beta cells

Question 29

type 2 diabetes

Answer 29

insulin resistance,

Question 30

pathogenesis

Answer 30

cells can't absorb glucose, must rely on fat and proteins for energy needs

Question 31

fat catabolism

Answer 31

increases free fatty acids and ketones in the blood

Question 32

ketonuria

Answer 32

promotes osmotic diuresis

Question 33

ketoacidosis

Answer 33

occurs in ketones decrease blood's pH

Question 34

Which has a faster reaction time: nervous or endocrine?

Answer 34

nervous

Question 35

What is more widespread: nervous or endocrine

Answer 35

endocrine

Question 36

steroids

Answer 36

derived from cholesterol secreted by gonads and adrenal cortex estrogen, testosterone, cortisol hydrophobic

Question 37

peptides and glycoproteins

Answer 37

created from chains of amino acids secreted by pituitary and hypothalamus oxytocin, ADH -hydrophilic

Question 38

monoamines

Answer 38

derived from amino acids secreted by adrenal medulla, pineal, thyroid norepinephrine, melatonin

Question 39

up regulation

Answer 39

number of receptors is increased, increases sensitivity

Question 40

down regulation

Answer 40

reduces number of receptors, sensitive to hormones

Question 41

synergistic effects

Answer 41

multiple hormones act together for greater effect FSH and tesosterone

Question 42

permissive effects

Answer 42

one hormone enhances the target organ's response estrogen prepares uterus for progesterone