ch.23 urinary

Question 1

distal convoluted tubule

Answer 1

apart of the renal tubule
hormones mainly act on here

Question 2

What hormones act on the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 2

aldosterone, ADH, atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 3

aldosterone

Answer 3

promotes sodium reabsorption and water reabsorption which decreases urine volume and maintains BP

Question 4

ADh

Answer 4

promotes water reabsorption and maintains BP

Question 5

atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 5

released by right atria
promotes sodium and water excretion increasing urine output and decreasing BP

Question 6

parathyroid hormone

Answer 6

increases blood calcium and calcium reabsorption

Question 7

collecting ducts

Answer 7

adjust the concentration of urine

Question 8

hypotonic urine

Answer 8

more water, less salt
water remains in urine, salt reabsorbed

Question 9

hypertonic urine

Answer 9

more salt, less water
dehydration leads to increase in ADh, increases aquaporin channels
more water is reabsorbed and urine is more concentrated

Question 10

countercurrent multiplier

Answer 10

on nephron loop, tubule
used to create a high osmolarity gradient

Question 11

What are the three parts of the countercurrent multiplier?

Answer 11

descending limb and ascending limb
urea recycling

Question 12

descending limb

Answer 12

reabsorbs water but not salt

Question 13

ascending limb

Answer 13

reabsorbs sodium, potassium, chloride
maintains high osmolarity

Question 14

recycling of urea

Answer 14

accounts for 40% of high osmolarity of the medulla

Question 15

countercurrent exchange system

Answer 15

formed by vasa recta
maintains concentration gradient using descending capillaries and ascending capillaries

Question 16

descending capillaries

Answer 16

water diffuses out of blood and NaCl diffuses into blood

Question 17

ascending capillaries

Answer 17

water diffuses into blood and NaCl diffuses out of blood

Question 18

urinalysis

Answer 18

the examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine

Question 19

pyuria

Answer 19

pus in urine

Question 20

hematuria

Answer 20

blood in urine

Question 21

What could cloudiness of urine suggest?

Answer 21

UTI, trauma

Question 22

What is the normal pH of urine?

Answer 22

6

Question 23

What is the osmolarity range of urine?

Answer 23

50-1200

Question 24

What is the ratio of water to solutes in urine?

Answer 24

95% water, 5% solutes

Question 25

What is abnormal to find in urine?

Answer 25

glucose, albumin, blood

Question 26

What is the normal urine volume?

Answer 26

1-2L a day

Question 27

polyuria

Answer 27

output in excess of 2 L a day

Question 28

oliguria

Answer 28

output of less than 500 mL a day

Question 29

anuria

Answer 29

0-100 mL

Question 30

osmotic diuresis

Answer 30

when more water passes into urine

Question 31

diuretics

Answer 31

any chemical that increases urine volume, commonly used to treat hypertension by reducing body fluid volume and BP

Question 32

What is a diuretic that can increase GFR?

Answer 32

caffeine which dilates the afferent arteriole

Question 33

What is a diuretic that can reduce tubular reabsorption of water?

Answer 33

alcohol which inhibits ADH secretion

Question 34

How do diuretics impact the nephron loop?

Answer 34

it impairs the countercurrent multiplier reducing the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla

Question 35

ureters

Answer 35

extend from each kidney into bladder

Question 36

flap of mucosa

Answer 36

on ureter acts as a valve that keeps the urine from going back into the ureter

Question 37

bladder

Answer 37

muscular sac located on floor of the pelvic cavity has 3 layers which are the parietal peritoneal, muscularis, mucosa

Question 38

What kind of epithelium does the mucosa contain that allows it to fill?

Answer 38

transitional

Question 39

urethra

Answer 39

tube that conveys urine out of the body

Question 40

internal urethral sphincter

Answer 40

involuntary smoot muscle

Question 41

external sphincter

Answer 41

skeletal muscle

Question 42

How long are the male and female urethras?

Answer 42

female is 3-4 cm long, male is 18

Question 43

cystitis

Answer 43

infection of the urinary bladder especially common in females

Question 44

pyelitis

Answer 44

infection of the renal pelvis

Question 45

pyelonephritis

Answer 45

infection that reaches the cortex and nephrons resulting from blood-borne bacteria

Question 46

Order of how filtrate moves

Answer 46

bowmans capsule--> proximal convoluted tubule--> loop of henle--> distal convoluted tubule

Question 47

what does the renal corpuscle consists of?

Answer 47

glomerulus and bowmans capsule