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Anatomy II > chapter 18 blood > Flashcards

chapter 18 blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A
  1. transport O2, CO2, wastes
  2. protect WBCs, antibodies, and platelets
  3. fluid regulation and pH buffering
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2
Q

plasma

A

clear extracellular fluid that makes up more than 1/2 of the blood’s volume

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3
Q

formed elements

A

blood cells and platelets

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4
Q

viscosity

A

the resistance to flow

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5
Q

What is the pH range of blood?

A

7.37-7.45

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6
Q

What would happen if the osmolarity is too high?

A

the fluid absorbs into the blood and causes high BP

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7
Q

What would happen if the osmolarity is too low?

A

the fluid remains in the tissues causing edema

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8
Q

hematocrit

A

percent of total volume that is red blood cells

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9
Q

albumin

A

60% of plasma
contributes to viscosity and osmolarity

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10
Q

globulins

A

36% of plasma
transport, immunity

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11
Q

fibrinogen

A

4% of plasma
clotting, leaves behind a serum

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12
Q

What electrolyte is most abundant in plasma?

A

sodium

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13
Q

white blood cells

A

only complete formed element
immunity

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14
Q

red blood cells

A

-no nuclei or organelles
-filled w/ hemoglobin
-contain spectrin
-biconcave
-MAJOR FACTOR IN BLOOD VISCOSITY

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15
Q

spectrin

A

allows RBCs to bend

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16
Q

platelets

A

not cells, but fragments of cells

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17
Q

hemoglobin

A

consists of four protein chains or globins
each of these chains is joined with a heme group that binds to iron, 4 irons and 4 oxygens total

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18
Q

How many oxygens can hemoglobin carry?

A

4

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19
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

o2 loading in the lungs

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20
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

o2 unloading in the tissues

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21
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

CO2 loading in the tissues, carries 20% of CO2 in the blood

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22
Q

hematopoiesis

A

blood cell formation
occurs in red bone marrow

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23
Q

erythropoiesis

A

RBC production
3-5 day process

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24
Q

What would happen if there are too few RBCs?

A

hypoxia

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25
Q

What would happen if there are too many RBCs?

A

the viscosity of blood would increase

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26
Q

What would occur if there are decreased oxygen levels?

A

erythropoiesis increase

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27
Q

What hormone controls RBC production?

A

erythropoietin

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28
Q

What structure release erythropoietin?

A

kidneys

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29
Q

What causes hypoxia?

A

hemorrhage or increases RBC destruction
insufficient hemoglobin
reduced O2

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30
Q

RBC homeostasis

A
  1. drop in rbc count causes kidneys to become hypoxemic
    2.epo production increases
  2. stimulates bone marrow
  3. increased reticulocyte count
  4. RBC count increases in 3-4 days
31
Q

transferrin

A

transports iron

32
Q

hemolysis

A

rupture of rbcs

33
Q

anemia

A

blood has abnormally low O2 carrying capacity

34
Q

iron defiency anemia

A

low hemoglobin content

35
Q

abnormal hemoglobin

A

thalassemias

36
Q

pernicious anemia

A

B12 defiency

37
Q

hemorrhagic anemia

A

acute or chronic loss of blood

38
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

RBCs rupture prematurely

39
Q

aplastic anemia

A

destruction of red bone marrow

40
Q

sickle cell

A

hereditary Hb defect found primarily in AA
low oxygen causes RBCs to form a sickle shape and causes agglutination

41
Q

polycythemia

A

excess of RBCs

42
Q

primary polycythemia

A

cancer of cell line in red bone marrow

43
Q

secondary polycythemia

A

caused by ephysema

44
Q

What determines your blood type?

A

antigens on your RBCs

45
Q

What is the #1 rule of blood typing?

A

you will not make antibodies against your antigen

46
Q

Type A

A

A antigens, B antibodies

47
Q

Type B

A

B antigens, A antibodies

48
Q

Type AB

A

A, B antigens, no antibodies

49
Q

Type O

A

no antigens, A, B antibodies

50
Q

agglutination

A

clumping of RBCs, not clotting, responsible for mismatched transfusion reactions

51
Q

What is taken into consideration in blood transfusions?

A

the antibodies of the recipient and the antigens on the donor

52
Q

RH Group

A

forms in RH- people who are exposed to RH+ blood

53
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

54
Q

neutriphils

A

increase during bacterial infections

55
Q

basophils

A

increase during chicken pox, diabetes

56
Q

eosinophils

A

increase during parasitic infections

57
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

58
Q

lymphocytes

A

increase during diverse infections and immune response

59
Q

monocytes

A

increase during infections and inflammation

60
Q

leukopenia

A

low WBC count, caused by radiation, poisons

61
Q

leukocytosis

A

high WBC count, caused by infection

62
Q

platelets

A

important for clotting and release serotonin

63
Q

hemostasis

A

control of bleeding

64
Q

vascular spasm

A

a broken vessel constricts after being damaged and platelets release serotonin

65
Q

platelet plug formation

A

the broken vessel is exposed to collagen, becomes sticky,and forms pseudopods that stick to the vessel and form a plug

66
Q

coagulation

A

prothrombin activator is formed, prothrombin is converted into thrombin and it uses fibrinogen to form a mesh

67
Q

What element is necessary for clotting?

A

calcium

68
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low number of platelets

69
Q

thrombosis

A

abnormal clottng in unbroken vessel, attached to blood vessel wall

70
Q

embolism

A

unwanted clot traveling in a vessel
left: can affect brain and heart
right: can affect lungs

71
Q

In the CNS, clusters of grey matter containing cell bodies are

A

nuclei

72
Q

In the PNS, clusters of grey matter containing cell bodies are

A

ganglia

73
Q

Bundles of axons and their myelin sheath in the CNS are

A

tracts

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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