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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

-All living things are composed of cells
-The cell is the basic functional unit of life
-Cells arise from preexisting cells
- Cells carry genetic information as DNA which is passed from parent to daughter cells

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2
Q

Why are viruses not considered living things?

A

Acellular, cannot reproduce independently, and may use RNA

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3
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Have membrane bound organelles, a nucleus, and may form organisms

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4
Q

Cytosol

A

Suspends organelles and allows diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

contains DNA organized into chromosomes and is surrounded by the nuclear membrane with pores for material exchange

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6
Q

Nucleolus

A

In nucleus, synthesizes rRNA

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

outer forms barrier with cytosol and inner is folded into cristae which has enzymes for the electron transport chain

Can divide independently through binary fission. Also hold enzymes for apoptosis

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8
Q

Lysosomes

A

Hydrolytic enzymes that can break down substances and cellular waste

Released to allow for autolysis

HAS MEMBRANE

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9
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

interconnected membranes

RER is ribosome studded and allows for translation of proteins destined for secretion

SER is used for lipid synthesis and detoxification

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10
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Stacked membrane bound sacs. Can modify, package, and direct cell products to specific locations

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11
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain hydrogen peroxide and can break down long chain fatty acids via beta oxidation

Aid phospholipid synthesis and PPP

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12
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

provides stability and aids rigidity to structure. Provides transport pathways for molecules within the cell

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13
Q

Microfilaments

A

Made of actin, provide structural protection and can cause muscle contractions when interacting with myosin.

Help form cleavage furrow during cytokinesis

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14
Q

Microtubules

A

Made of tubulin, create pathways for motor proteins (kinesin and dynein) to carry vesicles

Contribute to flagella and cilia.

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15
Q

9+2 structure

A

how microtubules of cilia and flagella are organized. Nine of microtubules in a ring with 2 microtubules at the center

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16
Q

Centrioles

A

In centrosomes, involved in microtubule organization in the mitotic spindle

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17
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Involved in cell to cell adhesion and maintenance of integrity of the cytoskeleton. Helps to anchor organelles

Examples include keratin and desmin

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18
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

cover the body and lines its cavities. Protect against pathogens

Can absorb or secrete substances or participate in sensation

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19
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional part of the organ. Usually made of epithelial cells

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20
Q

Types of epithelial cells (layers and shapes)

A

Simple, stratified, psuedostratified.

Cuboidal, columnar, squamous

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21
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports the body and provides fame work

Usually forms stroma (support) by secreting materials to form the extracellular matrix

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22
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose, blood

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23
Q

prokaryotes

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A

NO membrane bound organelles. Have genetic material in single circular molecule in nucleoid region

24
Q

What are the domains of life?

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A

Archaea, bacteria, eukarya

25
Archaea
harsh environments and often use chemical sources of energy.
26
How are archaea similar to eukaryotes
Start translation with methionine, similar RNA polymerases and histones
27
How are archaea similar to bacteria
Single circular chromosome and divide by binary fission
28
Bacteria shapes
Cocci (sphere) Bacilli (rod) Spirilli
29
Facultative anaerobes
can survive in environments with or without oxygen - toggle between based on environment
30
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Cannot use oxygen for metabolism but can survive in oxygen containing environment
31
Bacteria structure
Cell wall and membrane form envelop to control movement in and out of cell
32
Gram positive vs. Gram negative bacteria
Gram positive turns purple with safranin stain. Has thick cell wall with peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid Gram negative will turn red- has thin cell wall, with less peptidoglycan and has outer membrane with phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides
33
What is the structure of bacteria flagella
Basal body will anchor and rotate flagellum. Hook connects flagellum and body. Flagellum has a filament Moves using chemotaxis
34
How do prokaryotic ribosomes differ
Are smaller (30s and 50s) compared to eukaryotes which is 40s and 60s
35
Binary fission
prokaryotic replication Chromosome replicates while the cell grows. Eventually cell wall grows inward along the midline and divides into two daughter cells
36
Plasmids
extra chromosomal material in prokaryotes May have virulence factors (antibiotic resistance)
37
Episomes
Plasmids that can integrate into the genome
38
Methods of of genetic recombination
Transformation, conjugation, transduction, and transposons **increases bacterial diversity
39
Transformation
take up surrounding genetic material and incorporate it into the host genome
40
Conjugation
Transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to another using conjugation bridge. Plasmid is transferred from F+ to F- (male to female)
41
Transduction
Transfer of genetic material between bacteria using bacteriophage vector Phage released tapped DNA for integration into host
42
Transposons
genetic elements that can insert or remove themselves from the genome
43
phases of bacterial growth
lag, exponential (log), stationary phase, death phase
44
Virus structure
Genetic material, protein coat (capsid), and may have a lipid containing envelope- which is sensitive
45
How do viruses replicate
they are obligate intracellular parasites- need host Lack own ribosomes to make proteins
46
What is a bacteriophage? What is its structure?
Viruses that target bacteria. Have a tail sheath to inject genetic material into bacterium and a tail fiber which allows them to attach to host
47
Types of viral genomes
-SS, DS, RNA, or DNA -positive or negative sense -can be retrovirus
48
Positive vs. Negative sense Virus
Positive sense can be translated by the host cell directly Negative sense requires a complementary strand to be synthesized by RNA replicase before translation
49
Retrovirus
Contain a SS-RNA genome. Reverse transcriptase is used to make a complement DNA strand. The DNA is then integrated into the genome IMMEDIATE Ex. HIV
50
How do viruses infect cells
They attach to specific receptors and can enter by fusing with the membrane, endocytosis, or by injecting their genome into the cell
51
How do viruses reproduce in the cell
Replicate and translate genetic material using the host cells ribosomes, tRNA, amino acids, and enzymes
52
How are viruses released from their host
Cell death, lysis, or extrusion
53
What are the life cycles of bacteriophage?
Lytic: bacteriophage produces many new virions until the cell lyses. These bacteria are VIRULENT. Host does not survive Lysogenic: virus integrates into the host genome as prophage which can reproduce along with the cell. Can remain in genome or leave in response to a stimulus and enter the lytic cycle.
54
Prions
Infectious proteins that trigger the misfolding of other proteins. Usually convert alpha to beta sheet which decreases the solubility and increases resistance to degradation
55
Viroids
Plant pathogens that are small circles of complementary RNA that can turn of genes Cause metabolic and structural chains, and even cell death
56
Extranuclear inheritance
Transmit DNA independent of the nucleus (ex. Mitochondria)
57
What is the viral life cycle?
1. Infection by binding receptors. Fuses membrane of host and virion enter 2. Translation (DNA into nucleus to form mRNA. mRNA to cytoplasm to form protein) 3. Progeny assembly (lyse, or extrusion- fuse membrane and leave cell which keeps host alive

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