Chapter 9

Question 1

intracellular digestion

Answer 1

oxidize glucose and fatty acids for energy

Question 2

extracellular digestion

Answer 2

obtain nutrients from food in alimentary canal

Question 3

pathway of digestion

Answer 3

oral cavity to pharynx to esophagus to stomach to SI to LI to rectum

Question 4

enteric NS

Answer 4

neurons for GI system

Question 5

peristalsis

Answer 5

triggered by neurons, rhythmic contraction

Question 6

parasympathetic role in digestion

Answer 6

stimulates digestion

Question 7

salivary amylase

Answer 7

hydrolyzes starch into smaller sugars

starch that is polar and soluble

Question 8

lipase

Answer 8

hydrolyzes lipids

Question 9

pharynx

Answer 9

mouth to esophagus

has naso, oro, and laryngopharynx

has epiglottis to prevent food into larynx

Question 10

esophagus

Answer 10

pharynx to stomach
top is skeletal, bottom is smooth muscle

Question 11

Sphincters

Answer 11

in esophagus

upper: muscles initiate swallowing
lower: relaxes, opens for food to enter stomach

Question 12

role of stomach

Answer 12

has hydrochloric acid and stomach enzymes

thick mucus to protect tissues

gastric glands, pyloric glands, and ruggae folds

Question 13

gastric glands

Answer 13

fundus and body, respond to parasympathetic signals

Question 14

pyloric glands

Answer 14

antrum and pyloris

Question 15

parts of gastric

Answer 15

mucous cells, chief cells, parental cells

Question 16

mucous cells

Answer 16

bicarbonate, mucus to protect wall

Question 17

gastric juice

Answer 17

secretions from chief and parietal

Question 18

chief cells

Answer 18

pepsinogen

Question 19

parietal cells

Answer 19

hydrogen ions act as hydrochloric acid, cleave pepsinogen , and secrete intrinsic factor

Question 20

pepsin

Answer 20

cleaves PP bonds to digest proteins

are activated at low pH

Question 21

intrinsic factor

Answer 21

glycoprotein, absorb vitamin B 12

Question 22

pyloric gland

Answer 22

G cells secrete gastrin

Question 23

gastrin

Answer 23

peptide hormones, induces parietal to secrete HCl and stomach contractions to make chyme

Question 24

What is the significance of stomach digestion

Answer 24

increases surface area, aids absorption in SI

Question 25

parts of SI

Answer 25

dueodenem, jejunum, ileum jejunum and ileum aid absorption

Question 26

duodenum

Answer 26

chemical digestion, secretes enteropeptidase, CCK, and secretin

Question 27

pyloric sphincter

Answer 27

food leaves stomach and enters duodenum when chyme is present, releases BB enzymes

Question 28

Brush boarder enzymes

Answer 28

break biomolecules into monomers

Question 29

enteropeptidase

Answer 29

activates other digestive enzymes (trypsinogen, procarboxy peptidase)

Question 30

aminopeptidase

Answer 30

from duodenum, removes N terminal amino acid

Question 31

dipeptidase

Answer 31

cleave PP bond, releases free amino acid

Question 32

secretin

Answer 32

PP, causes pancreatic enzymes to enter duodenum reduces HCl from parietal, increases bicarb from pancreas to regulate pH of GI slows motility to increase digestive time

Question 33

CCK

Answer 33

secreted when chyme enters duodenum stimulates bile and pancreatic juices

Question 34

bile

Answer 34

bile salt, pigment, cholesterol bile is fat in solution and increases SA by forming micelles. Lipase hydrolyzes esters between lipids

Question 35

bile salts

Answer 35

have hydrophobic and hydrophillic bridge between aq and lipid environment aids micelles interaction with pancreatic lipase

Question 36

pancreatic juices

Answer 36

enzymes in bicarb solution

Question 37

acinar cells

Answer 37

make pancreatic juice

Question 38

pancreatic amylase

Answer 38

breaks down polysaccharides

Question 39

peptidase

Answer 39

protein digestion, uses trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, carboxypeptidase activated by enteropeptidase

Question 40

pancreatic lipase

Answer 40

fats to fatty acids and glycerol

Question 41

bile ducts

Answer 41

connects liver with GB and SI

Question 42

bile

Answer 42

made in liver, stored in gallbladder or secreted into duodenum

Question 43

hepatic portal vein

Answer 43

allows liver to receive blood XS sugar to glycogen, XS fats to triacylglycerol

Question 45

Roles of liver

Answer 45

XS sugar to glycogen, XS fats to triacylglycerol detoxifies, makes bile, albumin, and clotting factor

Question 46

bilirubin

Answer 46

pigment from hgb, conjugated and secreted to bile by liver

Question 47

Gallbladder

Answer 47

stores bile, releases bile to bilary tree when CCK is secreted

Question 48

Role of SI

Answer 48

villi increase SA for absorption

Question 49

lacetal

Answer 49

takes up fat and transports it into lymph system

Question 50

simple sugar SI absorption

Answer 50

absorbed by secondary active transcription and facilitated diffusion blood has lower concentration, so sugar diffuses from epithelial to fats, chylomicrons, lacteal, then enter lymph

Question 51

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 51

ADEK, form chylomicrons

Question 52

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 52

absorbed via capillaries

Question 53

water absorption in SI

Answer 53

transcellularly (across membrane) and paracellulary

Question 54

Role of LI

Answer 54

water absorbtion

Question 55

Cecum

Answer 55

accepts SI fluid

Question 56

Colon

Answer 56

Absorbs water and salt from undigested material then concentrates it into feces

Question 57

rectum

Answer 57

stores feces anus internal sphincter (involuntary) external sphincter (voluntary)