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Biology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

ampulla

A

widest part of the fallopian tube, site of fertilization

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2
Q

Acrosomal apparatus

A

tube like structure, forms when sperm meets secondary oocyte

aided by acrosomal enzymes to extend and penetrate membrane

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3
Q

What happens in the cortical reaction

A

Occurs after penetration, Ca is released and depolarizes ovum membrane

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4
Q

Importance of depolarization of ovum

A

prevents fertilization by multiple sperm

Calcium increases metabolic rate of the zygote

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5
Q

Fertilization membrane

A

Newly polarized, impenetrable membrane

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6
Q

dizygotic

A

Fertilize two different eggs released in one cycle by two different sperm

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7
Q

monozygotic

A

single zygote that splits into two

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8
Q

cleavage of zygote

A

zygote travels to uterus for implantation

during movement, undergoes rapid mitotic cell divisions and forms larger number of smaller cells

ZYGOTE BECOMES EMBRYO

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9
Q

Why is it important for the zygote to get smaller?

A

Increases the nuclear to cytoplasm ratio and increases surface area to volume ratio

Increases overall area for gas and nutrient exchange

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10
Q

What is indeterminate vs. determinate cleavage

A

Indeterminate is when the cells can develop into any cells in the organism

With determinate, they commit to differentiating into specific cell type

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11
Q

Phases of blastulation

A

morula, blastula, blastocyte

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12
Q

Morula

A

solid mass after many divisions and undergoes blastulation for form blastula

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13
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells with fluid center (blastocoel)

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14
Q

Blastocyte

A

trophoblast cells - surround blastocoel, form chorion and placenta

and the inner cell mass which protrudes blastocoel to make an organism

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15
Q

What occurs during implantation?

A

The bastula moves to fallopian tubes to the uterus where it implants endometrium and forms the placenta

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16
Q

Chorion

A

membrane that forms the placenta

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17
Q

chorionic villi

A

from trophoblast, penetrate endometrium and support fetal gas exchange

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18
Q

Umbilical cord

A

embryo to placenta, 2 arteries and 1 vein

connects developing organism to placenta

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19
Q

umbilical vein vs artery

A

vein carries oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the embryo

Artery carries deoxygenated blood and waste to placenta for exchange

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20
Q

yolk sac

A

supports the embryo until the placenta is functional, early blood development

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21
Q

allantois

A

early fluid exchange between embryo and yolk

allantois and yolk form the cord

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22
Q

amnion

A

surrounds allantois, tough membrane filled with amniotic fluid, shock absorber

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23
Q

Gastrulation

A

After implantation, generates 3 layers

archenteron and blastopore establish layers

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24
Q

gastrula

A

invaginate and form tube through the middle

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25
archenteron
membrane invagination into blastocoel
26
blastopore
opening of archentron
27
3 germ layers?
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
28
Ectoderm
forms integumentary, epithelia (nose, mouth, anal), lens, NS, inner ear, adrenal medulla, epidermis, hair, nails
29
Mesoderm
MSK, circulatory, excretory systems, gonads, muscular/connective tissue of digestive and respiratory, adrenal cortex
30
Endoderm
Epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tract, pancreas, thyroid, bladder, liver
31
Differentiation
is aided by selective transcription and induction
32
Neuralation
Development of the nervous system after germ layers form Includes notochord and neural crest
33
Notochord
rod of mesoderm along long axis allows ectoderm to slide inward making neural folds folds grow towards eachother and fuse to form neural tube (CNS)
34
neural crest
tip of fold, migrate out, form PNS
35
specification
reversible designated cells into cell type
36
determination
commitment of cells to function, irreversible mRNA/proteins present in cleavage cause determination (uneven segregation) also can be caused by morphogens (promote certain development)
37
Differentiation
changed to develop into determined cell type change structure, function, biochemistry
38
stem cells
not yet differentiated, or give rise to other cells that will
39
potency
determines the tissue a particular stem cell can differentiate into determines how many cell types
40
totipotent
greatest potency- into any cell type, includes embryonic stem cell (germ and placenta)
41
pleuripotent
into any cell type except placenta cells into all three germ layers
42
multipotent
into many cell types within a group
43
inducers
cells secrete signals or tissues induce cell to a certain type must be a competent responder
44
autocrine
act on cell that secreted them
45
paracrine
act on local cells
46
juxtacrine
stimulate receptors on adjacent cells (no diffusion)
47
endocrine signals
secrete hormones, travel via blood to distant target tissue
48
growth factors
peptides promoting differentiation and mitosis in certain tissues can code for certain tissues
49
reciprocal development
one differentiation can trigger another type cells induce differentiation in eachother
50
cell migration
after cell type differentiates it may need to move to proper location where it functions
51
apoptotic blebs
protrusions which form bodies for digestions CONTAINED within membrane
52
necrosis
messy, cell death due to injury no membrane, causes leaking and irritation
53
complete regeneration
lost and damages tissue is replaced with identical tissues (using stem cells, regrowth)
54
incomplete regeneration
new tissue is not identical in structure or function
55
senescence
biological aging due to changes accumulating response to environment/ chemical insults failure of cells to divide and telomeres shorten
56
telomeres
ends of chromosomes, shorten with age and cant replicate help prevent genetic loss and unraveling
57
telomerase
reverse transcriptase, synthesizes ends of chromosomes to prevent senescence allows for indefinite divisions
58
How does fetal circulation work?
via diffusion, uses gradient higher partial pressure of oxygen in maternal blood use placenta for nutrient, gas, and waste exchange
59
fetal hemoglobin
greater affinity for o2, aids transfer of oxygen from mother to fetus bloodstreams dont mix- are proximal
60
antibodies of fetus
crosses over from mother to aid protection
61
What does the placenta do
produces hCG, estrogen, and progesterone to maintain the pregnancy location of blood oxygenation
62
Role of fetus liver and lungs
Dont function before birth use mother liver, and use placenta for nutrient and waste exchange
63
Shunts
direct blood away from the liver/lungs so they can develop (they are sensitivte to BP)
64
foramen ovale
one way, connects right atrium to left atrium Blood from IVC enters right atrium then left atrium instead of the right ventricle then move to aorta for circulation
65
Right heart of fetus
has higher pressure to push blood through
66
ductus arteriosus
shunt leftover blood from pulmonary artery to the aorta
67
ductus venous
bypass liver, shunts blood from placenta via umbilical vein to IVC
68
first trimester
organs- heart, eye, gonads, limbs, liver cartilage hardens brain develops embryo is now fetus
69
second trimester
fetus grows and moves within fluid, toes, and fingers
70
third trimester
growth and brain development antibodies to fetus growth slows
71
what triggers birth?
prostaglandins work with oxytocin for rhythmic contractions of smooth uterine muscle
72
Steps of birth
cervix things and amniotic sac ruptures contractions and birth after birth (umbilical cord and placenta expelled)

Biology (10 decks)

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