Chapter 10

Question 1

urine pathway

Answer 1

kidney to ureters to bladder to urethra

Question 2

kidney structure and function

Answer 2

cortex is outer, middle slit is hilum

excretes waste

Question 3

glomeruli

Answer 3

tufts in kidney form afferent arterioles

Question 4

Kidney portal path

Answer 4

artery to afferent arterioles, to efferent arterioles then second capillaries

Question 5

vasa recta

Answer 5

capillaries surrounding loop of henle

Question 6

bowmans capsule

Answer 6

around glomerulus, leads to PCT then dec/ascending LOH, then DCT and collecting duct

Question 7

detrusor muscle

Answer 7

bladders muscular lining, parasympathetic

Question 8

internal sphincter

Answer 8

smooth muscle of bladder, contracted at normal state, involuntary

Question 9

external sphincter

Answer 9

skeletal, voluntary

stretch receptors send message to NS to empty bladder

Question 10

how does external sphincter signal bladder

Answer 10

PS neurons fire and detrusor muscles contract while internal muscles relax

we decide to relax or maintain external muscles and urinate

aided by abdominal muscles compression on bladder

Question 11

micturition

Answer 11

external sphincter muscles urinate

Question 12

osmoregulation

Answer 12

kidneys regulate BV and osmolarity

Question 13

kidney filtration

Answer 13

blood is filtered as filtrate into bowmans space

uses starling forces for net flow into nephron and filter using glomerular pores based on size

Question 14

sterling forces of kidney

Answer 14

pressure differential between hydrostatic and oncotic

Hyrdro is higher in glomerulues, lower in bowmans so, fluid flows into nephron

Osmo is higher in Bowmans, opposes fluid into nephron

Hydrostatic overall greater than osmotic

Question 15

secretion

Answer 15

salt, acid, water, base, urea move into tubule

removes when there is XS in blood or large waste

moves from blood to filtrate

Question 16

reabsorbtion

Answer 16

solutes from filtrate to blood

take up for use (glucose, vitamins, amino acids)

Question 16

PCT

Answer 16

reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, salt, water, vitamins

interstitium is where solutes enter and are picked up by vasa recta for return to blood

excretes H, K, ammonia, urea

Question 16

Loop of Henle

Answer 16

descending to medulla to ascending

Question 17

descending LOH

Answer 17

water moves, medulla increases osmolarity the deeper in

Max reabs. and conservation of water

more concentrated in interstitium allows water to move out of tubule, into interstitium then blood

Question 18

ascending LOH

Answer 18

salts, uses the decreasing medulla osmolarity

Question 19

diluting segment

Answer 19

thicker LOH, cells have more mitochondria so they can use active transport to reabsorb NaCl

hypotonic to filtrate

produces more dilute urine

Question 20

DCT

Answer 20

responds to aldosterone, increases Na reabsorption and water follows

concentraties urine, decreases volume and produces waste

Question 21

collecting duct

Answer 21

responds to aldosterone and ADH to increase water reabsorption and concentrates urine output

increases permeability to increase water reabsorption

filtrate leaves and collects at renal pelvis then moves to ureter

Question 22

countercurrent multiplier

Answer 22

filtrate flow through LOH is opposite of blood through vasa recta

exposes filtrate to hypertonic blood and maximizes water reabsorption

Question 23

excretory system

Answer 23

osmolarity gradients and permeability aids filtering, secretion, and reabsorption controls BP, osmolarity, and acid base balance

Question 24

aldosterone

Answer 24

secreted by cortex when BP is low, increases excretion of K/H

Question 25

how does aldosterone increase BP

Answer 25

when BP is low, juxtaglomerular cells release renin renin cleaves angiotensinogen ace converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 aldosterone is released from cortex aldosterone alters DCT and collecting ducts NA absorption and water flows with is DOES NOT change osmolarity - increases BV and BP

Question 26

ADH

Answer 26

released by posterior pituitary when blood osmolarity is high, increases water reabsorption and decreases osmolarity

Question 27

How does ADG alter blood osmolarity

Answer 27

changes permeability of collecting duct to increase water reabsorption by making junctions leaky interstitium is hypertonic to filtrate so water is reabsorbed from tubule inhib. by caffeine and alcohol

Question 28

how does ADH raise BP

Answer 28

constricts afferent arteriole to decrease pressure of blood at glomeruli and release renin to increase BP

Question 29

osmoregulation

Answer 29

osmotic pressure draws water in, oncotic pressure is the pressure of dissolved proteins controlled by kidneys to regulate filtering and secretions

Question 30

what happens when osmolarity is low

Answer 30

excrete excess water and reabsorb solutes

Question 31

How to alter pH

Answer 31

increase RR to increase pH: removing CO2, so converts H/HCO3 back to CO2 kidneys can excrete more H+ and increase bicarbonate reabsorption to increase pH

Question 32

layers of skin

Answer 32

hypodermis (subq) dermis epidermis derived from ectoderm

Question 33

strata layers of epidermis

Answer 33

basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

Question 34

epidermis basale

Answer 34

deep, stem cell, proliferation of keratinocytes

Question 35

spinosum

Answer 35

connected, langerhans

Question 36

granulosum

Answer 36

keratinocytes die and loose nucleil

Question 37

lucidum

Answer 37

thick, hairless

Question 38

corneum

Answer 38

flattened keratinocytes

Question 39

keratin

Answer 39

protects body from injury, water, and pathogens

Question 40

callus

Answer 40

XS keratin where there is repeated strain

Question 41

melanocytes

Answer 41

from neural crest cells melanin protects from DNA damage due to UV and is darker when more active

Question 42

langerhans

Answer 42

macrophage in spinosum, represent antigen to T cells

Question 43

Dermis layer

Answer 43

Papillary: upper, loose connective Reticular: dense has sweat glands, vessels, hair follicles, sensory receptors

Question 44

Merkel cells

Answer 44

at epi-dermal junction deep pressure and texture sensation

Question 45

Free nerve cells

Answer 45

response to pain

Question 46

Meissener cells

Answer 46

light touch

Question 47

ruffini cells

Answer 47

stretch

Question 48

pacinian cells

Answer 48

deep pressure and vibration

Question 49

hypodermis

Answer 49

connective, skin to body, fat and fibrous