Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

(68 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Diploid

A

2n, cells have two copies of each chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Haploid

A

n, one copy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Interphase

A

G1, S, G2

DNA is uncoiled and in the form of chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

G1 restriction point

A

DNA is checked for quality, must be passed to move on to S stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

G1 (mitosis)

A

Presynthetic gap, cells create organelles for energy and protein production, and increase their size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

S Stage (mitosis)

A

Synthesis, DNA is replicated
Strands of DNA (chromatids) are held together at the centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

G2 (mitosis)

A

Postsynthetic gap, further cell growth and replication of organelles.

Has quality check point for proper replication, and enough organelles/ cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

M stage (Mitosis)

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

G0

A

offbranch of G1, cell performs functions without preparing for divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

P53

A

role in checkpoints for G1 to S and G2 to M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cyclins and CDKs

A

Rise and fall during the cell cycle. Cyclins bind to CDKs and phosphorylating and activating transcription factors for the next stage of the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Somatic Cells

A

When mitosis produces 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells from a single cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, telephase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prophase (mitosis)

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nuclear membrane dissolves and nucleoli disappear, centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell. Spindle apparatus begins to form.

Kinetochore of each chromosome is contacted by a spindle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Metephase

A

Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate
uses spindle and kinetechore

Centriole pairs on opposite sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles

Centromere splits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear membrane reforms, spindle apparatus disappears. Cytosol and organelles re split between the two daughter cells through cytokinesis

Chromosomes uncoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Meiosis

A

In gametes, produces up for 4 non identical haploid sex cells

1 round of replication and 2 round of divisions (reductional and equational divisions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Meiosis I

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Homologues

A

Chromosomes are given the same number but are opposite parental origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Prophase I

A

chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, nucleoli disappear

Spindle forms

**homologues intertwine – synapsis occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tetrad

A

Homologues intertwined in prophase 1 of meiosis, can cross over

has 4 chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Crossing over

A

Tetrads
Genetic material of one chromatid is exchanged for material of another chromatid in the homologous chromosome

Accounts for mendels second law of independent assortment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Metaphase 1 (meiosis)

A

Homologous chromosomes (tetrads) line up on opposite sides of the metaphase plate

spindle attaches kinetochore

** has only one fiber attatched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Anaphase I (meiosis)
homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell Accounts for mendels second law (segregation) - maternal and paternal separate
25
telophase I (meiosis)
Chromosomes may or may not fully decondense. Cell may enter interkinesis Membrane and nucleus form. Have 2 sister chromatids with centromere. Haploid
26
Meiosis II
Sister chromatids are separated from eachother- identical to mitosis
27
Sister chromatids
Copies of the same DNA held together at the centromere
28
Sperm
Develop in the seminiferous tubes in the testes. They are nourished by sertoli cells
29
Interstitial cells of Leydig
In testes, secrete testosterone and other male sex hormones
30
Epididymis
Where sperm gain motility. they are stores here until ejaculation
31
Ejaculation
Sperm travel through the Vas Deferens to the ejaculatory duct and then to the urethra and out the penis
32
Seminal vesicles
Contribute fructose to nourish the sperm and produce alkaline fluid
33
Prostate gland
Produces alkaline fluid
34
Bulbourethral glands
Produce a clear viscous fluid that cleans out urine and lubricates urethra during arousal
35
Semen
Composed of sperm and seminal fluid
36
Spermatogenesis
Four haploid sperm are produces from a spermatogonium
37
Stages of sperm
After the S stage- primary After meiosis I- secondary After meiosis II- spermatids After maturation; spermatozoa
38
Sperm structure
Head: genetic material, covered with acrosome Midpiece Flagellum
39
Acrosome
Head of sperm, is a modified Golgi apparatus that contains enzymes that help the sperm fuse and penetrate the ovum
40
Midpiece of sperm
Generates ATP from fructose and contains mitochondria
41
Ova
Produces in follicles in the ovaries
42
What happens during ovulation?
Egg is ovulated into the peritoneal sac and is drawn into the fallopian tube
43
Oogenesis
One haploid ovum and many polar bodies form an oogonium
44
Egg maturation
at birth all eggs have undergone replication and are primary oocytes (arrested in prophase I) secondary oocyte is formed after ovulation, and is arrested in metaphase 2
45
True ovum
A oocyte that is fertilizes and completes meiosis II
46
Polar body
Cell receiving little cytoplasm and organelles Cytokinesis is uneven in oogenesis
47
Zona Pellucida
Surrounds oocytes Acellular mix of glycoproteins that protect the oocyte and contain compounds for sperm binding
48
Corona radiata
Surrounds oocytes Layer of cells that adhered to oocyte during ovulation
49
GnRH
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormones From hypothalamus, causes release of FSH and LH
50
What does FSH and LH do in males
FSH stimulates sertoli cells and triggers spermatogenesis. LH causes interstitial cells to produce testosterone
51
What does FSH and LH do in females
FSH stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and aids maturation of the ovum. LH causes ovulation Also stimulate the production of progesterone and estrogen
52
Phases of menstrual cycle
Follicular, ovulation, luteal, menstruation
53
Follicular phase
Low prog/estreogen leads to GnRH secretion which stimulates LH/ FSH which promotes follicle development. Estrogen is released stimulating vascularization and glandularization fo the decidua Estrogen then causes lower GnRH, FSH and LH
54
Ovulation
Stimulated by LH surge. Surge is triggered when estrogen levels reach a threshold and switch from negative to positive feedback High GnRH, LH, FSH ovum moves from ovary to peritoneal
55
Luteal phase
LH causes the ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum. CL secretes progesterone which maintains the uterine lining. High estrogen and progesterone cause negative feedback on GnRH LH and FSH
56
hCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin No fertilization, produces by blastula. Maintains the corpus luteum - is a LH analog levels drop at the end of the first trimester as the placenta takes over progesterone production
56
Menstruation
No fertilization. Estrogen and progesterone drop. Endometrial lining is sloughed off, block on GnRH is removed CL loses stimulation from LH increase GnRH for next cycle
57
Menopause
Ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone. FSH and LH levels rise (less sensitive to levels)
58
Chromatid
2 identical chromosomes after replication that are held via centromere
59
chiasma
Point where sister chromatids meet
60
ovaries
make estrogen and progesterone
61
follicles
nourish and protect ova
62
What parts of the brain aid sex hormones?
hypothalamus: restricts GnRH before puberty Anterior pituitary: GnRH triggers it to synthesize and release FSH and LH
63
What is the role of the endometrium?
estrogen triggers endometrium thickening to prep for zygote implantation Maintained by progesterone
64
Corpus luteum
Remaining follicle after ovulation secretes progesterone in response to LH
65
What prevents ovulation of multiple eggs?
High prog/ estrogen in the luteal phase decreases GNRH, LH
66
Pregnancy
Blastocyte develops and implants HCG secreted Placenta makes pro/estrogen and is negative feedback on GnRH

Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions