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Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Right side of heart

A

Accepts deox. blood and moves it to the lungs

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2
Q

Atria

A

Receives deox. blood from vena cavae or ox. blood from pulmonary veins

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3
Q

What happens when the atria contracts

A

it pushes blood to the ventricles

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4
Q

Role of ventricles

A

contract and push blood to lungs (right) and body (left)

Is more muscular than atria

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5
Q

Valves role

A

Allows pressure within ventricles to push blood forward and prevent backflow

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6
Q

location of tricuspid valve

A

between right atria and right ventricle

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7
Q

Location of mitral valve

A

between left atrium and ventricle

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8
Q

pulmonary valve location

A

between right ventricle and circulation (pulmonary arteries)

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9
Q

aortic valve

A

between left ventricle and aorta

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10
Q

How does the left heart differ

A

more muscular and carries blood to body

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11
Q

How do electric impulses work in the heart?

A

They aid rhythmic contraction

Passes from SA node to AV to AV bundle and then to perjunke fibers

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12
Q

SA node

A

impulse initiation in the right atrium

starts from depolarization, then atria contraction, then atrial kick (gets a little more blood to ventricles)

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13
Q

AV node

A

Between atria and ventricles. Delays signals so that ventricles can fill before contractions

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14
Q

bundle of his

A

branches

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15
Q

perjunke fibers

A

distribute signal through ventricular muscle

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16
Q

intercalated discs

A

connect muscle cells

Allows gap junctions to coordinate

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17
Q

myogenic

A

contracts without neural input

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18
Q

systole

A

ventricles contract and close AV valves

blood is pumped out of ventricles, high pressure

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19
Q

diastole

A

ventricles relax, lunar close and blood from the atria fills ventricles, low pressure

aided by elastic heart

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20
Q

cardiac output

A

blood volume pumped by the ventricle per minute

CO= HR x SV

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21
Q

arteries

A

pumps ox. blood away from the heart,
is elastic and muscular, resists flow

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22
Q

What connects to arteries

A

arterioles, capillaries, then tissue

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23
Q

Where does blood move after capillaries

A

venuoles, veins, superior/inferior VC, then to right heart

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24
Q

How do arteries differ from veins?

A

they have more smooth muscle

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25
Veins
thin, inelastic, move blood to heart have less smooth muscle, less recoil can stretch to hold larger blood volume
26
Why do veins have valves
prevents back flow of blood blood usually moves against gravity- valves help need external force, they are surrounded by skeletal muscle
27
Path of blood
Pulmonary veins to LA LA to LV LV to aorta Aorta to tissues (or arterioles and cap) tissues to VC VC to RA RA to RV RV to pulmonary arteries then to lungs
28
what is the portal system
allows blood to pass through two capillaries before returning to the heart hepatic, hypophyseal, renal
29
hepatic portal
blood leaves capillaries in gut, through portal vein then to capillaries in liver
30
hypophyseal portal
blood leaves capillaries in hypothalamus then to capillaries of anterior pituitary for paracrine hormones secretion
31
renal portal
blood leaves glomerulus and travels through efferent arteriole and nephron capillary through vasa recta
32
what makes up blood
plasma, RBC, leukocytes, and platelets
33
RBC role and structure
oxygen transport, hemoglobin binds 4 O2 the shape aids travel and increases SA for gas exchange less organelles for space for hgb, has glycolysis for ATP
34
Granulocytes
toxic, inflammation, allergy, pus, destroy bacteria, and parasites
35
types of granulocytes
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
36
types of agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
37
lymphocytes
specific immune response B cells, and T cells
38
T cells
mature in thymus, kill viral cells, trigger immune cells
39
B cells
mature in bone marrow, antibody generation
40
monocytes
phagocytize foreign matter macrophage in matter
41
platelets
cell fragments in marrow, aids clotting
42
erithropoetin
kidney, stimulates RBC development
43
thrombopoetin
liver/kidney aids platelet development
44
antigens
on RBC surface, target causes immune reaction and stimulates B cells to make antibody
45
universal donor
no immune response, type O, no antigens
46
Universal recipient
no antigen foreign, AB, no antibodies produced
47
Rh factor
positive or negative, is an issue with maternal fetus after they have one child Gain anti antibody response
48
How does pressure change during blood flow
big drop between arterioles and capillaries (capillaries are thin) delta P= CO x TPR (total peripheral resistance)
49
What is resistance based on
length, resistivity, area Increase length, decrease area will increase R arterioles and capillaries act as resistors
50
ANP
Aids salt loss in nephron and fluid loss
51
How does exchange occur at capillaries
capillaries have higher concentration on one side. Use concentration gradient to diffuse
52
What happens with oxygen binds heme
O2 binds heme and changes ox. state of Fe causes conformational change, and then is relaxed increases oxygen affinity (positive feedback) uses cooperative binding
53
what is percent o2 sat
percent of heme carrying oxygen
54
When does curve shift left (higher affinity for o2)
when low CO2, high pH
55
When does curve shift right (low affinity)
increases in temp, low Ph, increase O2 demand increases BPG (glycolysis byproduct) increase in CO2 means more H+ to bind hemoglobin low affinity- more oxygen can unload at tissues
56
How does CO2 move in body
it is dissolved in plasma, hb has low affinity for CO2 CO2 forms HCO3 and H+ so that it is more soluble in water and can transport faster
57
bicarbonate buffer
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3-
58
hydrostatic pressure
blood exerts on vessel via heart contractions and elastic arteries fluid moves out of blood to interstitium
59
osmotic pressure
solutes, draws water into blood
60
How does the difference between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure change
at arteriole (hydro> oncotic)- efflux water at venule (hydro< oncotic) influx water
61
starling force
balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressure allows fluid volume and solute concentration to be maintained
62
blood clot
formed by coagulation factors and platelets triggers by collagen cascade activates prothrombin- thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin plasmin breaks down clot

Biology (10 decks)

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