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Biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

transmit electrical impulses and translates them into chemical signals

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2
Q

cell body of neuron

A

holds nucleus, ER, ribosomes

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3
Q

dendrites

A

receive messages, transmits to hillock and towards soma

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4
Q

axon hillock

A

integrates incoming signals

initiate action potential

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5
Q

action potentials

A

transmits electrical impulses down the axon

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6
Q

axon

A

long, extends towards the target and carries signal away from the soma

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7
Q

myelin

A

fatty membrane, prevents signal loss

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8
Q

myelin sheath

A

maintains electrical signal within one neuron

increases speed of conduction in axon

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9
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

produces myelin in the CNS

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10
Q

schwann cells

A

produces myelin in the PNS

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11
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

breaks in sheath, allows rapid/ saltatory conduction

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12
Q

nerve terminal

A

allows for efficient signal transmission and release of neurotransmitters

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13
Q

synaptic cleft

A

small space where terminal releases neurotransmitter which bind dendrites of post-synaptic neuron

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14
Q

synapse

A

nerve terminal, synaptic cleft, post synaptic membrane

path of neurotransmitter

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15
Q

Nerve

A

neuron bundle, PNS

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16
Q

tracts

A

CNS, axon bundles, only carry one type of information

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17
Q

glial cells

A

cell in NS that support neurons

includes astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

astrocytes

A

nourish neurons, form blood brain barrier

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19
Q

blood brain barrier

A

controls transmission of solutes from blood to nervous tissue

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20
Q

ependymal cells

A

line brain ventricles, produce cerebrospinal fluid which supports the brain

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21
Q

microglia

A

phagocytotic, ingest and break down waste and pathogens in CNS

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22
Q

What produces myelin

A

oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS

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23
Q

action potential

A

All or nothing, relay impulse down axon to bouton

cause neurotransmitter release into cleft

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24
Q

define resting potential

A

net difference across membrane created by movement of charged particles

-70mv inside

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25
How does potassium influence resting potential
inside is 140mm, outside is 4mm potassium moves out via leak channels, which makes the outside slightly positive as the difference grows, potassium is drawn back in until at equilibrium
26
what is the equilibrium potential of potassium
-90mv net positive leaves cell
27
How does sodium influence the resting potential
inside is 12mm, outside is 145mm Na moves in via leak channels
28
What is the equilibrium potential of sodium
60 mv (net movement into cell)
29
What is the overall resting membrane potential
-70mm membrane is more permeable to potassium uses Na/K ATPase to maintain gradients (3Na out, 2 K in)
30
Depolarization
caused by excitatory input, raises Vm from resting, more likely to fire action potential
31
hyperpolarization
caused by inhibitory signals, lowering Vm from resting, less likely to fire AP IF enough input, it can be depolarized and fire
32
Summation
Adding signals for response can be temporal or spatial
33
What happens during depolarization
excitatory stimulation causes depolarization which leads to Na influx to further depolarize raises from -70 resting to +35 to release action potential
34
What happens after action potential is released
sodium inactivates and K opens and efflux until hyperpolarized
35
What happens after hyperpolarizing
Na/K pumps restore to resting potential of -70 as potassium moves out repolarization occurs as K moves out
36
When are sodium channels open, closed, and inactive
Closed before threshold and after inactivation is reversed open from threshold to 35mv inactive from 35mv to resting
37
What causes potassium channels to open
+35 mv triggers K channels to open
38
What is the purpose of hyperpolarization
Allows for absolute or relative refraction Relative is when greater than normal stimulation can cause action potential
39
impulse propagation
action potential travels down axon to initiate neurotransmitter release propagation occurs due to influx of sodium
40
What influences speed of action potential?
Resistance Length Area Longer, and less area will increase resistance and make it slower
41
What is the role of myelin
Prevents dissipation of action potential
42
Saltatory conduction
Signals hop from node to node
43
What happens if you increase intensity of a stimulus?
Increases firing frequency of action potential
44
Effector
post synaptic cell when neuron is signaling a gland or muscle
45
Neurotransmiter
used between synapses to send messages stored in membrane bound vessicles
46
how are neurotransmitters released
Action potential reaches terminal and causes voltage calcium channels to open calcium triggers fusion of the NT filled vesicles at the synapse neurotransmitter exocytosis, nt diffuses and binds post synaptic receptors
47
How is neurotransmission regulated
Remove the neurotransmitter from cleft use enzymes, reuptake carries, or diffuse out of cleft
48
When is electrical vs. chemical signaling using in relation to neurons
within neurons, use electrical transmission to pass signals between neurons use chemical (neurotransmitter) to pass signals
49
sensory neurons
afferent, transmit sensory information to spine and brain
50
motor neurons
efferent, transmit motor information from brain and spine to muscle and glands
51
interneurons
between neurons, linked to reflex
52
CNS
brain and spine brain has grey and white matter
53
Grey matter
unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites Deep in spine
54
White matter
axons in myelin sheath, deep in brain, outside in spine
55
vertical column
protects spine, transmits nerves between adjacent vertebrae
56
PNS
connects CNS to body has somatic and autonomic
57
somatic NS
neurons of skin, muscles, joints goes from spine to muscle without synapsing
58
autonomic NS
HR, respiration, digestion glands involuntary muscles regulates temp neurons work to transmit messages from spine (post and pre ganglionic neurons)
59
Pre ganglionic neurons
soma in cns, axon to ganglion in PNS synapse at post ganglionic which stimulates target tissue
60
Autonomic NS
antagonistic parasympathetic vs. sympathetic
61
parasympathetic NS
Rest and digest conserve energy, lower HR, constrict bronchi, use Ach, contract bladder, constrict pupil
62
sympathetic NS
activated by stress, fight or flight increase HR, glucose, block digestion, stimulate sweating, increase adrenaline use norepinephrine and ach
63
How does a reflex use interneurons
Interneurons in spine signals the muscle to create a response can protect muscle in feedback loop
64
monosynaptic arc
single synapse between sensory neuron (receive stimulus) and motor neuron (respond to stimulus)
65
Polysynaptic arc
at least one interneuron between sensory and motor ex) withdrawal reflex
66
how do neurons communicate
electrical: ion exchange, generates membrane potentials chemical: neurotransmitter release from presynaptic and binds post synaptic
67
ganglia
clusters of cell bodies of neurons of the same type in the PNS
68
nuclei in CNS
clusters of cell bodies of neurons of a tract

Biology (10 decks)

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