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Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Peptide hormones

A

amino acids, transferred to golgi for modifications and activations

Have rapid, short effects

travel in the blood (water soluble)

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2
Q

How to peptide hormones bind/ react

A

Bind receptor and trigger transmission of secondary messenger

Use surface receptors and need constant stimulation

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3
Q

How do GPCR work

A

They bind peptide hormones which triggers activation or inhibition of adenylate cyclase

This alters cAMP levels

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4
Q

Steroid hormones

A

From cholesterol by gonads and adrenal cortex

Non polar, can cross membrane

Not water soluble, use transport proteins and dissociate to function

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5
Q

How do steroid hormones bind and react

A

bind intracellular receptors to trigger a conformational change

have long, slow effects

can trigger gene regulation

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6
Q

Amino acid derivative hormones

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, triodothyronine, thyroxine

modified amino acid

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7
Q

How do norepinephrine and epinephrine work

A

Fast onset, short lived

bind GPCR

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8
Q

How do thyroxine and triiodothyronine work

A

slow and long response, bind intracellular

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9
Q

Direct hormones

A

secreted and act directly on target

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10
Q

tropic hormones

A

needs intermediate to act

from brain or AP gland

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11
Q

Hypothalamus

A

bridge between nervous and endocrine system

Regulates pituitary via tropic hormones

uses negative feedback

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12
Q

hypophyseal portal

A

Hypothalamus releases hormones into portal and vessels connect portal to Anterior pituitary

After binding AP, other hormones are released

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13
Q

What is released by hypothalamus and what does the AP release in response

A

GnRH -> LH/FSH
GHRH -> GH
TRH -> TSH
CRH -> ACTH
PIF (dopamine) -> decrease prolactin

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14
Q

how does hypothalamus connect to posterior pituitary

A

release oxytocin and ADH

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15
Q

oxytocin

A

uterine contraction, lactation

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16
Q

ADH

A

vasopressin, increases water reabsorption of kidney

secretes when osmolarity is high

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17
Q

Role of AP

A

synthesizes and secretes hormones

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18
Q

What are the tropic hormones of AP

A

causes release of other hormones

FSH/LH act on gonads
ACTH acts on adrenal cortex
TSH acts on thyroid

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19
Q

What are the direct hormones of AP

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A

prolactin
endorphins
growth hormones

20
Q

Growth hormone

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A

promotes muscle and bone growth

needs lots of glucose in muscle/bone, breaks down fatty acids

21
Q

acromegaly

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A

adults with sealed long ones and altered GH levels. Causes altered small bones

22
Q

posterior pituitary

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A

nerve terminals of hypothalamus

receives and ADH and oxytocin

23
Q

What triggers ADH release

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A

low BV or high osmolarity

increases permeability of collecting duct to water

increases water retention which increases BV and BP

24
Q

oxytocin

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A

has positive feedback

oxytocin promotes uterine contraction, leads to more oxy release and stronger contraction

25
Where are oxytocin and ADH synthesized
synthesized in hypothalamus but released by posterior pituitary
26
thyroid hormones
T3, T4, calcitonin
27
What are t3 and t4
iodized tyrosine in follicular cells of thyroid
28
hypothyroid
lethargy, decrease temp, decrease RR, decrease RR, decrease HR, increase weight
29
calcitonin
from C cells, decreases blood calcium, increases Ca excretion from kidneys decrease Ca absorption from gut, increase Ca storage in bone Released when Ca is high in blood
30
Parathyroid hormone
antagonist to calcitonin, increases blood Ca levels when low increases resorption of potassium from bone, decreases resorption of potassium by kidneys activates vitamin D
31
Roles of calcium
bone health, release neurotransmitter, regulate muscle contraction, aids blood clotting
32
Adrenal cortex
secretes corticosteroids
33
Glucorticoids
regulate glucose and alter protein metabolism increase gluconeogenesis, decrease protein synthesis, decrease immune response includes CRH and ACTH
34
mineralcorticoids
Aid salt and water homeostasis aldosterone
35
Aldosterone
increases Na reabsorption in DCT and collecting duct of nephron water moves with sodium into blood. No change in osmolarity promotes urine excretion
36
Renin Aldosterone
decrease BP leads to juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin renin cleaves angiotensinogen to angio 1 ACE coverts angio 1 to 2 A2 stimulates cortex to release aldosterone BP restored and decreases renin (negative feedback)
37
adrenal medulla
Nor/epinephrine production Epi increases glycogenesis and increases metabolic rate short term and fast can be increased by cortisol
38
Pancreas
Can excrete and have endocrine propertiesIs
39
Islets of langerhans
alpha, beta and delta alpha- glucagon beta- insulin delta- somatostatin
40
glucagon
fasting- low glucose- increase glucagon glucagon increases glucose by triggering gluconeolysis, gluconeogenesis, and degrade protein/fat
41
insulin
Secreted when glucose is high causes muscle and liver to store glucose as glycogen stimulates fat and protein synthesis
42
type 1 diabetes vs type 2
type 1 is related to destruction of beta cells type 2 is related to receptor resistant effects of insulin
43
somatostatin
Inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion when glucose and amino acids are high
44
Pineal gland
melatonin
45
erythropoietin
secreted by kidneys stimulates bone marrow to increase RBC production when oxygen is low
46
ANP
by heart, regulates salt and water when high BV Increases excretion Na and urine output
47
Thymosin
by thymus, aids t cells

Biology (10 decks)

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