Flashcards in Chapter 1 & 2 Deck (84)
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1
Dna is encoded as a specific sequence of letters along the length of a molecule
Each unit of information is discrete (one of 4 letters in the dna alphabet)
Dna is one-dimensional and digital
2
Genes
Dna that encodes protein or a particular type of rna
Basic units of biological information (heredity)
3
Chromosomes
Organized structures containing dna and proteins that package and manage the storage, duplication, expression & evolution of Dna
4
Genome
Dna within the entire collection of chromosomes in each cell
5
Organisms change over time
Move
Adapt
Use sources of energy and matter to grow
Metabolism
6
Large polymers composed of hundreds to thousands of amino acid subunits in long chains
Proteins
20 amino acid's order determines protein
7
Amino acid
Basic amino group
& acidic hydroxyl group
8
Rna
Adenine, uracil.
Uricil replaces thiamine, Less stable than dNA less diverse than protein so intermediate, Read in triplet, Complementarity to dna. May have been the 1st information processing molecule. Can fold into 3-d and catalyze chemical processes, but do not have the # of subunits (20 in protien) so less capacity and diversity.
9
Pax6 gene
Main control switch for initiating Eye development in fruit flies and humans (mice and insects 2)
10
Evolution of new genes
Duplication and divergence
11
Expressed, protein coding region of a gene,
1% of the genome
Exon or exons
12
Dna that does not code for a protein
Intron
13
The evolution of complexity is based on... Page 7 essay question
Hierarchic organization of the information encoded in chromosomes
Gene families and gene super families (immune system)
&
Rapid change of regulatory networks that specify how a gene behaves
14
How new functions evolve
Gene duplication followed by divergence of copies
15
Rapid diversification of genomes
Reshuffling of exons
16
Generates evolutionary change
gene regulation (where and when and to what degree a gene is expressed)
17
genetic dissection
Inactivate a gene in a model organism and observe the consequences (make a conclusion about the functions of a gene product) knock out nice
18
Genomics
The entire collection of chromosomes in each cell of an organism, 24 kinds of chromosomes, 30,000 genes
19
Conditional state arising because a gene interacts with environmental factors that affects the genes activation
Various forms of other genes modify the expression of said gene
Predisposition
20
Act prohibiting insurance companies and employers from discrimination on the basis of genetic tests
2008 genetic information nondiscrimination act
21
G-c and a-t base pairing in dan through hydrogen bonds
Complementarity
22
Dna alphabet
G,C
A,T
Guanine, cytosine
Adenine, thymine
23
The way genes transmit physiological, anatomical, and behavioral traits from parent to offspring
Heredity
24
The science of heredity, examination of how organisms pass biological information on to their progeny and how they use it in their lifetimes
Genetics
25
Inferred genetic laws that allowed him to make verifiable predictions about which traits would appear, disappear and reappear and in which generations
Devised a hypothesis that observable traits are determined by independent units invisible to the naked eye
Gregor Mendel
26
1. Variation is widespread in nature
2. Observable variation is essential for following genes from generation to generation
3. Variation is not distributed by chance
4. Laws apply to all sexually reproducing organisms
Four themes in mendel's work
27
Purposeful control over mating by choice of parents for the next generation
Canine lupus familiaris
Artificial selection
28
Moravian sheep breeders society:
What is inherited?
How is it inherited?
What is the role of chance in heredity?
...Sent Mendel to the university of Vienna
Abbot Cyril napp
29
One parent contributes most to an offsprings inherited features,
Blended inheritance: parental traits become mixed and forever changed in offspring (wouldn't see skipped generations if that were true)
Misconceptions about heredity
30
