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Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Dna is encoded as a specific sequence of letters along the length of a molecule

Each unit of information is discrete (one of 4 letters in the dna alphabet)

A

Dna is one-dimensional and digital

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2
Q

Genes

A

Dna that encodes protein or a particular type of rna

Basic units of biological information (heredity)

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Organized structures containing dna and proteins that package and manage the storage, duplication, expression & evolution of Dna

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4
Q

Genome

A

Dna within the entire collection of chromosomes in each cell

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5
Q

Organisms change over time
Move
Adapt
Use sources of energy and matter to grow

A

Metabolism

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6
Q

Large polymers composed of hundreds to thousands of amino acid subunits in long chains

A

Proteins

20 amino acid’s order determines protein

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7
Q

Amino acid

A

Basic amino group

& acidic hydroxyl group

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8
Q

Rna

A

Adenine, uracil.
Uricil replaces thiamine, Less stable than dNA less diverse than protein so intermediate, Read in triplet, Complementarity to dna. May have been the 1st information processing molecule. Can fold into 3-d and catalyze chemical processes, but do not have the # of subunits (20 in protien) so less capacity and diversity.

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9
Q

Pax6 gene

A

Main control switch for initiating Eye development in fruit flies and humans (mice and insects 2)

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10
Q

Evolution of new genes

A

Duplication and divergence

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11
Q

Expressed, protein coding region of a gene,

1% of the genome

A

Exon or exons

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12
Q

Dna that does not code for a protein

A

Intron

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13
Q

The evolution of complexity is based on… Page 7 essay question

A

Hierarchic organization of the information encoded in chromosomes
Gene families and gene super families (immune system)
&
Rapid change of regulatory networks that specify how a gene behaves

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14
Q

How new functions evolve

A

Gene duplication followed by divergence of copies

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15
Q

Rapid diversification of genomes

A

Reshuffling of exons

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16
Q

Generates evolutionary change

A

gene regulation (where and when and to what degree a gene is expressed)

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17
Q

genetic dissection

A

Inactivate a gene in a model organism and observe the consequences (make a conclusion about the functions of a gene product) knock out nice

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18
Q

Genomics

A

The entire collection of chromosomes in each cell of an organism, 24 kinds of chromosomes, 30,000 genes

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19
Q

Conditional state arising because a gene interacts with environmental factors that affects the genes activation

Various forms of other genes modify the expression of said gene

A

Predisposition

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20
Q

Act prohibiting insurance companies and employers from discrimination on the basis of genetic tests

A

2008 genetic information nondiscrimination act

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21
Q

G-c and a-t base pairing in dan through hydrogen bonds

A

Complementarity

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22
Q

Dna alphabet

A

G,C
A,T
Guanine, cytosine
Adenine, thymine

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23
Q

The way genes transmit physiological, anatomical, and behavioral traits from parent to offspring

A

Heredity

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24
Q

The science of heredity, examination of how organisms pass biological information on to their progeny and how they use it in their lifetimes

A

Genetics

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25
Inferred genetic laws that allowed him to make verifiable predictions about which traits would appear, disappear and reappear and in which generations Devised a hypothesis that observable traits are determined by independent units invisible to the naked eye
Gregor Mendel
26
1. Variation is widespread in nature 2. Observable variation is essential for following genes from generation to generation 3. Variation is not distributed by chance 4. Laws apply to all sexually reproducing organisms
Four themes in mendel's work
27
Purposeful control over mating by choice of parents for the next generation Canine lupus familiaris
Artificial selection
28
Moravian sheep breeders society: What is inherited? How is it inherited? What is the role of chance in heredity? ...Sent Mendel to the university of Vienna
Abbot Cyril napp
29
One parent contributes most to an offsprings inherited features, Blended inheritance: parental traits become mixed and forever changed in offspring (wouldn't see skipped generations if that were true)
Misconceptions about heredity
30
Chose pisum sativum. Examined clear cut alternative forms of particular traits. Collected and perpetuated lines of peas that bred true. Carefully controlled matings. He worked with large numbers of plants and made predictions based on models. Focused on seeds in order to observe many more individuals in a limited space.
What Mendel did differently
31
Both egg and pollen come from the same plant
Self fertilization as opposed to cross fertilization
32
No intermediate forms
Discrete traits
33
Show many intermediate forms
Continuous traits
34
Produce offspring that carry specific parental traits that remain constant from generation to generation
Pure breeding or true breeding lines | Inbred
35
Offspring of genetically dissimilar parents
Hybrids
36
Reversing the traits of male and female parents controlling whether a trait is transmitted via the egg cell Or the sperm Demonstrates that both parents contribute equally to inheritance
Reciprocal crosses
37
1. Transmission of visible characteristics in pea plants 2. Defines unseen but logically deduced units (genes) 3. Analyzes the behavior of genes in simple mathematical terms
"Experiments on plant hybrids"
38
Pure breeding
P1 or parental generation
39
Progeny of the P1 generation, if p1 were true breeding they should all look like a dominant parent, recessive gene being masked
First filial (F1)
40
Cross between pure breeding lines that differ in only one trait, reveal the units of inheritance and the law of segregation
Monohybrid crosses (F1)
41
Progeny of F1 generation (interbreeding), both parental types reappear in a 3:1 ratio (3 dominant, 1 recessive) shows blending is not true.
Second filial generation (F2)
42
Same characteristic independent of sex
Reciprocal
43
Evidence that blending had not occurred in the F1 cross
Presence of green peas In The F2 generation (yellow being dominant)
44
Alternative forms of a single gene
Alleles
45
Individuals having 2 different alleles for a single trait (F1)
Monohybrids
46
Specialized cells that carry genes between the generations
Gametes
47
During the formation of sex cells each gamete receives only one allele for each trait
Segregation
48
Fertilized egg
Zygote
49
Two alleles for each trait separate (segregate) during gamete formation and the unite at random (one from each parent) at fertilization
Law of segregation
50
Shows the kind of gametes produced as well as possible combinations that might occur at fertilization
Punnett square
51
States the the probability of two of more independent events occurring together is the product (x) of the probabilities that each event will occur by itself 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
Product rule
52
State the the probability of either of 2 mutually exclusive events occouring is the sum (+) of their individual probabilities 1/4+1/4= 1/2 like Yy Or yellow seeds (F1 progeny), 1/4+1/4+1/4 = 3/4
The sum rule
53
Yellow F2 peas are of 2 types: pure breeding and hybrids Conclusion: segregation of dominant and recessive alleles during gamete formation and their random Union at fertilization explained the 3:1 ratios observed when hybrids self fertilized
Mendel's hypothesis
54
Actual pair of alleles present in an individual
Genotype
55
Two copies of the same allele
Homozygous Homozygote
56
Genotype with two different alleles
Heterozygous Heterozygote
57
A cross to a homozygous recessive individual. To decypher an unknown genotype, mate an individual showing the dominant phenotype with an individual expressing the recessive phenotype Yy or YY to yy
Testcross
58
Cross between pure-breeding lines that differ at two genes. Usually something like YYRR x yyrr. yyrr = 1/4 x 1/4 = 1/16 (product rule, refers to combined Monohybrid crosses). Reveals the law of independent assortment. F2 phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 (16 zygotes)
Dihybrid cross
59
New phenotypic combinations
Recombinant types as opposed to parental types
60
Shuffling of gene pairs during gamete formation
Independent assortment
61
During gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other
The law of independent assortment
62
Cross between pure-breeding lines that differ at three or more genes. Number of different GAMETES = "2n" where n=# of different genes. F1 AaBbCcDd -> 2 ^4 = 16 kinds of gametes. AaBbCcDd x AaBbCcDd -> 16 x 16 = 256 genotypes.
Multihybrid crosses
63
2n, n ,= to the # of traits
The number of different eggs or sperm
64
Mating between the F1 progeny of pure breeding parents that differ in more than 3 or more unrelated traits
Multihybrid crosses
65
2n
The number of different eggs or sperm
66
Mating between relatives
Consanguineous mating
67
Family history
Pedigree
68
Disease Not present at birth but later in life
Late onset genetic trait
69
Huntington disease
HD, Dominant, vertical pattern, defective Htt protein
70
Cistic fibrosis
CF, recessive gene, horizontal pattern of inheritance, brothers and sisters may express the disease where parents and grandparents won't. Heterozygous individuals produce enough CFTP for normal lung function.
71
Bear a dominant normal Allele that masks the effects of the recessive abnormal one
Heterozygous carrier
72
At least one parent affected Shows up in every generation (vertical pattern of inheritance) Unaffected children can be produced if parents are heterozygous
Dominant trait
73
Consanguineous mating can cause two unaffected parents to produce affected individuals. Parents of affected individuals are often unaffected, but heterozygous carriers. All children should be affected if there are affected parents. Rare traits show a horizontal pattern of inheritance (may not be seen in previous generations). May show a vertical pattern of extremely common in the population
Recessive trait
74
Composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
Nucleotide
75
Primary structure (linear), secondary structure (alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets), tertiary structure (final 3-d structure after folding), quaternary (non-covalent interactions that bind multiple polypeptides into a single larger protien)
Structures of proteins
76
In the electron transport chain, used to compare gene products in different species to provide evidence of relatedness
Chtochrome c
77
Affect the location, timing, and level of expression of genes (fly wings - double or single pairs)
Regulatory networks
78
Combined data collection, analysis, theory to understand heredity. Published "experiments on plant hybrids" in 1866
Gregor Mendel
79
For every trait there is 2 copies of a unit of inheritance (gene) one maternal and one paternal
Mendel proposes "alleles"
80
What is the probability that event 1 AND event 2 will occur? | P(1and 2) = probability of event 1 X probability of event 2
Product rule
81
What is the probability that event 1 OR event 2 will occur? | P(1 or 2) = probability of event 1 + probability of event 2
Sum rule
82
Observable characteristic
Phenotype
83
During gamete formation different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other
The law of Independent assortment
84
A dominant allele usually determines a _____________ functioning protein where a recessive allele usually does not encode a ____________ protein.
Normally, functional

Genetics (14 decks)

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