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Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Bonds joining one nucleotide to another are covalent________

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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2
Q

The ability of a substance to change the genetic characteristics of an organism

A

Transformation

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3
Q

Attachment of the base to the deoxyribose sugar, addition of phosphate.

A

Nucleotide

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4
Q

Adenine, guanine

A

Purines

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5
Q

Thymine, cytosine.

A

Pyrimidines

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6
Q

Spacing between repeating units along the axis of the helix is 3.4 Å, the helix undergoes one complete turn every 34 Å, the diameter of the molecule is 20 Å.

A

Measurements of DNA

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7
Q

Spiral to the right

A

B form DNA

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8
Q

Spirals to the left and the backbone takes on a zigzag shape

A

Z form DNA

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9
Q

Retroviruses

A

Use RNA as their genetic material

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10
Q

Number one) Ribose instead of deoxyribose. Number two) RNA contains the base uricil instead of thymine which pairs with adenine. Three) Most RNA molecules are single stranded

A

Differences between RNA and DNA

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11
Q

Copying in which one strand of each new double helix is conserved from the parent molecule and the other is newly synthesized.

A

Semi conservative replication

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12
Q

Know the Meselson – stall experiment

A

Semi conservative replication

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13
Q

The high energy phosphate bonds required to synthesize every DNA molecule consists of four

A

Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (DATP, DCTP, DGTP, DTTP)

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14
Q

Number one. The 4DNTP’s Number two. The single-stranded template double-stranded DNA must be unwound. Number three. The primer with a free three prime hydroxyl group

A

Requirements for DNA replication

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15
Q

Proteins open up the double helix and prepare it for complementary base pairing

A

Initiation

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16
Q

Proteins connect the correct sequence of nucleotides on both newly formed DNA double helixes

A

Elongation

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17
Q

2 Y shaped areas

A

Replication forks

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18
Q

One newly synthesized strand that can grow continuously into each of the replication forks

A

Leading strand

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19
Q

Generated in pieces called OkaZaki fragments, The polarity of the _________ is opposite that the leading strand.

A

Lagging strand

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20
Q

Major role in producing the new strands of complementary DNA. Enzyme complex that adds nucleotides to the three prime end of a pre-existing strand of nucleic acid. Only functions in the five prime to three prime direction.

A

DNA polymerase III

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21
Q

Fills in the gaps between newly synthesized Okazaki fragments, replaces the RNA primer of the previously made Okazaki fragments with DNA

A

DNA polymerase I

22
Q

Unwinds the double helix

A

DNA Helicase

23
Q

Keep the DNA helix open

A

Single-stranded DNA binding proteins

24
Q

Generates rna primers to initiate DNA synthesis. Attracts DNA polymerase III.

25
Welds together Okazaki fragments into a continuous strand of DNA
DNA ligase
26
Short sequence of nucleotides known as the…
Origin of replication
27
Initiator protein binds to the origin of replication. Initiator attracts DNA helicase. Replication bubble involves two replication forks. Single-strands will serve as templates for synthesizing new strands of DNA.
Initiation, preparing the double helix for use as a template
28
Linkage of subunits through the formation of phosphodiester bonds is known as polymerization. The DNA polymerase molecule actually moves along the anti-parallel template strand in the three prime to 5 prime direction.
Elongation: connecting the correct sequence of nucleotides to a continuous new strand of DNA
29
Initiated by short RNA primers
OKazaki fragment
30
DNA replication is generally…
Bidirectional
31
One origin of replication, two replication forks meeting at a designated termination region
E.coli
32
Accumulate in front of the replication forks. Over winding, distortion, additional twisting of the DNA molecule is called…
Super coiling
33
Helps relax the supercoils by nicking one or cutting both strands of DNA, cleaving the sugar phosphate backbone between two adjoining nucleotides.
DNA topoisomerases
34
Specialized termination structures in eukaryotic chromosomes
Telomeres
35
Fidelity of DNA. Either strand of the double helix can specify the sequence of the other.
Redundancy
36
Fidelity of DNA. DNA polymerase has acquired a proof reading ability
Precision of the cellular replication machinery
37
Fidelity of DNA. Enzymes that ________ Chemical damage to DNA.
Repair
38
New combinations of already existing alleles arise from...
Independent assortment (in which each pair of homologous chromosomes segregate free from the influence of other pairs) and crossing over
39
The generation of new allelic combinations three genetic exchange between pomologist chromosomes
Recombination
40
Chromosomes that carry a mix of alleles derived from different homologs
Recombinants
41
If homologues fail to recombine they often are unable to orient themselves toward opposite poles of the meiosis 1 spindle one resulting in…
Nondisjunction
42
A miotic recombination event begins when ________ makes a double strand break in one of the four chromatids
Spo11
43
And enzyme that removes nucleotides from an end of the DNA molecule, degrades one strand of DNA from both sides of the cleavage
Exonuclease
44
One single-stranded tail displaces the corresponding stranded on the sister chromatid
Strand invasion
45
Stran invasion results in the formation of a ________ in which the DNA molecule is composed of one strand from each non-sister chromatid
Heteroduplex
46
Reseal the DNA backbones
DNA ligase
47
Interlocking of 2 nonsister chromatids
(2) holiday junctions
48
The holiday junctions move away from each other and they are by and large the header a duplex between them
Branch migration
49
During first strand invasion the protein ___________ collaborates with other proteins to help one of the tails (formed by __________) invade and open up the other chromatids double helix. This is the heteroduplex. The strand displaced by the invading tail forms a______.
DMC 1, resection, D Loop
50
Forms phosphodiester bonds to rejoin DNA strands without the loss or gain of nucleotides (in holiday junctions).
DNA ligase
51
Occurs after holiday Junction.
Branch migration
52
Look up model of recombination at the molecular level
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Genetics (14 decks)

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