Chapter 1

Question 1

Biofilm

Answer 1

A complex association that arises from microorganisms growing together and interacting on the surface of a habitat

Question 2

Ubiquitous

Answer 2

Found in all natural habitats; being everywhere at the same time

Question 3

Prokaryotic

Answer 3

“Before the nucleus”; bacterial cells

Question 4

Eukaryotic

Answer 4

Developed nucleus and organelles; “true nucleus”

Question 5

Microbiology

Answer 5

A specialized area that deals with tiny life forms that are not readily observed without magnification

Question 6

Viruses

Answer 6

Composed of a small amount of heredity material wrapped in a protein cover; are microbes but not cells

Question 7

Photosynthesis

Answer 7

The light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material, accompanied by the formation of oxygen

Question 8

Decomposition

Answer 8

Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycles of living things

Question 9

Recombinant DNA

Answer 9

Alters DNA and switch genetic material from one organism to another

Question 10

Bioremediation

Answer 10

Introduces microbes to the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants

Question 11

Pathogen

Answer 11

Disease causing agents

Question 12

Zoonoses

Answer 12

Infectious diseases native to animals that can be transmitted to humans

Question 13

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 13

Made the single-lens microscope

Question 14

Deductive reasoning

Answer 14

Uses general observations to explain a certain phenomenon

Question 15

Inductive reasoning

Answer 15

Specific observations are used to develop a general explanation

Question 16

Hypothesis

Answer 16

An early explanation or estimate to how something will turn out

Question 17

Theory

Answer 17

Collection of statements or concepts that explains a natural event

Question 18

Law or principle

Answer 18

When a theory has stood the test of time and has yet to be disproved

Question 19

Edward Jenner

Answer 19

Controlled smallpox with the scientific method

Question 20

John Tyndall

Answer 20

Proved that microbes in air and dust have high heat resistance and vigorous treatment is required to destroy them

Question 21

Ferdinand Cohn

Answer 21

Clarified the reason heat would sometimes fail to completely eliminate all microorganisms. This is where sterile comes from

Question 22

Sterile

Answer 22

Meaning completely free of all life forms including spores and viruses

Question 23

Robert Koch

Answer 23

Linked a microscopic organism with a specific disease

Question 24

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

Answer 24

Observed that mothers who gave birth at home experienced less infections that those having birth in the hospital

Question 25

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 25

Showed that women became infected in the maternity ward after exams from physician coming directly from the autopsy room

Question 26

Joseph Lister

Answer 26

Introduced aseptic techniques

Question 27

Aseptic techniques

Answer 27

Aimed to reduce microbes in a medical setting and preventing wound infections. Reduces pathogens; not necessarily sterilize

Question 28

The germ theory of diseases

Answer 28

The idea that human diseases could arise from infection

Question 29

Taxonomy (taxa)

Answer 29

A system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things

Question 30

Carl von Linné

Answer 30

Came up with taxonomy rules

Question 31

Classification

Answer 31

Arrangement of organisms into groups that indicate evolutionary relationships and history

Question 32

Nomenclature

Answer 32

System of assigning names to various taxonomic rankings of each microbial species

Question 33

Identification

Answer 33

Determining and recording the traits of organisms in order to trace their exact identity and taxonomy placement

Question 34

Taxonomy Hierarchy

Answer 34

Domain, kingdom, phylum (or division), class, order, family, genus, and species

Question 35

Domain

Answer 35

All inclusive category based on a unique cell type

Question 36

Species

Answer 36

The smallest, most specific taxon

Question 37

Phylum

Answer 37

Used for protozoa, animals, bacteria, and fungi

Question 38

Division

Answer 38

Algae and plants

Question 39

Scientific name or specific epithet

Answer 39

Binomial (two-named) system combined of the genus name (capitalized) followed by the species name (lower case) and are both italicized or underlined

Question 40

Phylogeny

Answer 40

The natural relatedness between groups of living things

Question 41

Evolution

Answer 41

Living things change gradually through billions of years and these result in many types of structural and functional adaptions

Question 42

Morphology

Answer 42

Structure

Question 43

Physiology

Answer 43

Function

Question 44

Genetics

Answer 44

Inheritance

Question 45

Rules of evolution

Answer 45

1. ) all new species come from preexisting species | 2. ) closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms

Question 46

Prokaryotic domains

Answer 46

Archaea and bacteria

Question 47

Eukaryotic domain

Answer 47

Eukarya