Chapter 8

Question 1

Condensation (dehydration) reactions

Answer 1

Anabolic reactions that require enzymes (synthases) to form covalent bonds between smaller substrate molecules

Question 2

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 2

Another term for digestion; water setting free

Question 3

Labile

Answer 3

Chemically unstable enzymes

Question 4

Low temperatures

Answer 4

Inhibit catalysts

Question 5

High temperatures

Answer 5

Denature the apoenzyme

Question 6

Denaturation

Answer 6

A process where the bonds that maintain the shape are disrupted. Causes distortion to the enzymes shape and prevents the substrate from attaching to the active site

Question 7

Catabolism

Answer 7

Larger molecules are degraded or broken down into smaller molecules

Question 8

Anabolism

Answer 8

Or biosynthesis, is where larger molecules are built from smaller ones resulting in the formation of cell structures

Question 9

Enzymes

Answer 9

Example of catalysts; chemicals that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction

Question 10

Substrates

Answer 10

Reactant molecules for enzymes

Question 11

Holoenzyme

Answer 11

Conjugated enzyme

Question 12

Apoenzyme

Answer 12

A combination of proteins

Question 13

Coenzymes

Answer 13

Organic cofactors that work in conjunction with the apoenzyme to perform a necessary alteration of a substrate

Question 14

Active site or catalytic site

Answer 14

The pocket where the substrate binds to the enzyme

Question 15

Exoenymes

Answer 15

Transported extracellularly; break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals

Question 16

Endoenzymes

Answer 16

Retained intracellularly and function there

Question 17

Constitutive enzymes

Answer 17

Always present in small amounts, regardless of the amount of substrate

Question 18

Regulated enzymes

Answer 18

Either turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed)

Question 19

Condensation (dehydration) reactions

Answer 19

Growing cells require enzymes to form covalent bonds between smaller substrate molecules

Question 20

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 20

Breaking of bonds requiring the input of water; digestion

Question 21

Labile

Answer 21

Chemically unstable enzymes

Question 22

Denaturation

Answer 22

A process by which the bonds that collectively maintain the native shape of the apoenzyme are disrupted

Question 23

Competitive inhibition

Answer 23

A mimic that competes with the substrate for the active site

Question 24

Regulatory or allosteric site

Answer 24

Special types of enzymes have two binding sites

Question 25

Non-competitive inhibition

Answer 25

Does not involve inhibitor molecule competing with substrate for the active site or to disable it. It binds to the site to prevent the enzyme from completing its action on the substrate

Question 26

Enzyme repression

Answer 26

Stops further synthesis of an enzyme somewhere along its pathway

Question 27

Enzyme induction

Answer 27

The synthesis of the enzyme is induced by its substrate

Question 28

Exergonic

Answer 28

Releases energy as it goes forward; catabolic

Question 29

Endergonic

Answer 29

Driven forward with the addition of energy; anabolic

Question 30

Phosphorylation

Answer 30

A process that adds an inorganic phosphate to adenosine Diphosphate and converts it to ATP

Question 31

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 31

A series of reactions involving electron transport and an enzyme that can trap energy and store it In ATP

Question 32

Substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 32

ATP is formed by transfer of a phosphate group from a high energy compound directly to ADP

Question 33

Aerobic respiration

Answer 33

A series of reactions that converts glucose to CO2, produces H2O, and generates energy

Question 34

Ferment

Answer 34

Incompletely oxidize

Question 35

Dentrification

Answer 35

Recycles nitrogen in the biosphere

Question 36

Fermentation

Answer 36

Process involving the incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates, oxidation of NADH to NAD+ (essential to keeping glycolysis going), organic molecules as the terminal electron acceptors, and the release of a small amount of ATP

Question 37

Alcoholic fermentation

Answer 37

Occurs in yeast or bacterial species that have metabolic pathways for converting pyruvic acid to ethanol

Question 38

Acidic fermentation

Answer 38

Lactic acid bacteria ferment pyruvate by reducing it to lactic acid

Question 39

Amphibolism

Answer 39

Integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency

Question 40

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 40

Starting point in glucose synthesis from various metabolic intermediates

Question 41

Beta oxidation

Answer 41

Releases significant energy

Question 42

Transamination

Answer 42

Amino acids and carbohydrates can be interchanged through this ; transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a carbohydrate

Question 43

Deamination

Answer 43

Removal of an amino group

Question 44

Amination

Answer 44

The addition of an ammonium molecule or amino group

Question 45

Light-dependent reactions

Answer 45

Proceed only in the presence of sunlight

Question 46

Light- Independent reactions

Answer 46

Do not require direct exposure to light, but do require the products of the light-dependent reactions in order to proceed

Question 47

Oxygenic

Answer 47

Oxygen-releasing, photosynthesis that occurs in plants, algae, and Cyanobacteria

Question 48

Anoxygenic

Answer 48

Non oxygen-producing; many are strict anaerobes