Chapter 13

Question 1

True pathogens

Answer 1

Capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses

Question 2

Opportunistic pathogens

Answer 2

Cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised

Question 3

Virulence

Answer 3

Describing the degree of pathogenicity

Question 4

Virulence factor

Answer 4

Any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to the infection or disease state

Question 5

Portal of entry

Answer 5

Where a microbe enters the body; characteristic route

Question 6

Exogenous

Answer 6

Originating from a source outside the body such as the environment or another person or animal

Question 7

Endogenous

Answer 7

Already existing on or in the body from microbiota or a latent infection

Question 8

STORCH

Answer 8

Syphilis, toxoplasmosis, other diseases, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus

Question 9

Infectious dose

Answer 9

A minimum number that must be present for infection to proceed in most agents

Question 10

Adhesion

Answer 10

Process where microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry

Question 11

Phagocytes

Answer 11

White blood cells that can engulf pathogens and destroy them by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals

Question 12

Antiphagocytic factors

Answer 12

A type of virulence factor used by some pathogens to avoid phagocytes or to circumvent some part of the phagocytic process

Question 13

Leukocidins

Answer 13

Substances that are toxic to white blood cells

Question 14

Exoenzymes

Answer 14

Disrupt the structure of tissues

Question 15

Toxigenicity

Answer 15

The power to produce toxins

Question 16

Toxinoses

Answer 16

The adverse effects of a variety of diseases

Question 17

Toxemias or toxinoses

Answer 17

The toxin is spread by the blood from the site of infection

Question 18

Intoxications

Answer 18

Those caused by ingestion of toxins

Question 19

Exotoxin

Answer 19

A toxin molecule secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissues

Question 20

Endotoxin

Answer 20

A toxin that is not secreted but is released after the cell is damages or lysed

Question 21

Hemolysins

Answer 21

A class of bacterial exotoxin that disrupts the cell membrane of red blood cells

Question 22

Hemolyze

Answer 22

To burst and release hemoglobin pigment

Question 23

A-B toxin

Answer 23

The B (binding) component binds to a specific receptor molecule on the surface of the host cell. The A (active) component moves across the host cell membrane. The A component interferes with the production of a normal cell protein

Question 24

Necrosis

Answer 24

Cell/ tissue death