Chapter 2 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Matter
A
Materials that occupy space and have mass
2
Q
Atom
A
A tiny particle that cannot be subdivided into smaller substances without losing its properties
3
Q
Protons
A
A subatomic particle with a positive charge
4
Q
Neutrons
A
A subatomic particle with no charge; are neutral
5
Q
Electrons
A
A subatomic particle with a negative charge
6
Q
Nucleus
A
The combination of protons and neutrons which are surrounded by electrons
7
Q
Electron cloud
A
The electron orbit around the nucleus
8
Q
Extremophile
A
A microbe that can live in severe conditions that would be harmful to other organisms
9
Q
Atomic number (AN)
A
Based on the number of protons an element has; if neutral- number of protons= number of electrons
10
Q
Mass number (MN)
A
Equal to the number of protons and neutrons
11
Q
Isotopes
A
Variant forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons and have a different mass number
12
Q
Orbitals
A
The pathways taken by electrons; represent volumes of 3-D space where electrons are most likely to be found
13
Q
She’ll
A
Energy level of electron
14
Q
Molecule
A
A distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms
15
Q
Compounds
A
Molecules containing two or more different elements
16
Q
Formula mass or molecular weight
A
Calculated from the sun of all the atomic masses of the atoms it contains
17
Q
Chemical bonds
A
Created when two or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons
18
Q
Valence
A
The capacity for making bonds dictated by the number of electrons in its outermost shell
19
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Covalent bonds (cooperative valence)
A
Share electrons
20
Q
Diatomic (two atoms)
A
Exist in pairs rather than as a single atom
21
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Polar
A
A molecule with an unequal distribution of charges; has positive and negative poles
22
Q
Nonpolar
A
Balanced distribution; no part of the molecule has a greater attraction for the electrons
23
Q
Ionic bonds
A
Complementary valences; one atom can accept electrons and the other is ready to get rid of electrons
24
Q
Ionization
A
Charged particles are dissolved in a liquid (solvent) when an ionic bond is broken and the atoms dissociate (separate) into unattached, charged particles
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Ions
Unattached, charged particles
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Cations
Positively charged ions that migrate toward the negative pole of an electrical field
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Anions
Negatively charged ions that migrate toward the positive pole of an electrical field
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Electrolytes
Substances that release ions when dissolved in water because their charges enable them to conduct an electrical current
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Hydrogen bonds
A weak attractive force between molecules or atoms forming a covalent bond.
30
Van der Waals force
Weak molecular interactions that play a role in the shape and function of biological molecules
31
Oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction
Electrons are transferred from one atom or molecule to another.
32
Oxidation
Any reaction that causes an atom to lose electrons
33
Reducing agent
Donates electrons and reduces another atom; gives its electrons away and is oxidized
34
Oxidizing agent
Can receive atoms and oxidize another molecule; receives the electrons and is reduced
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Chemical reactions
Leads to a change in the composition of the matter they contain
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Reactants
Start a reaction and are changed by the reaction
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Products
Result of the reaction
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Chemical reaction
Summarizes the content of a reaction. Reactants on left of arrow; products on right
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Synthesis reaction
The reactants bond together in a manner that produces an entirely new molecule
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Decomposition reaction
The bonds on a single reactant molecule are permanently broken to release two or more product molecules
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Exchange reaction
Reactants trade portions between each other and release products that are combinations of the two
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Catalyst
Substances that increase the rate of a reaction
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Solution
A mixture of one or more substances called solutes; dispersed in a dissolving medium called a solvent
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Hydrated
Surrounded by a sphere of water molecules
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Hydrophilic
Molecules that attract water to their surface
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Hydrophobic
Nonpolar molecules that repel water
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Amphipathic
Molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties
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Concentration
Expresses the amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent
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Hydrogen ion (H+)
A single hydrogen breaks away from a covalent bond as an ionic
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Hydroxide (OH-)
When a single hydrogen molecule breaks off from a covalent bond, this is the remainder of the molecule
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Acidic
When a component (an acid) releases excess hydrogen ions in a solution
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Basic
When a component (a base) releases excess hydroxide ions so there's no longer a balance between the two ions
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The pH scale
A graduated numerical scale ranging from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic)
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Neutralilty
The midpoint of the pH scale (pH 7); here concentrations are exactly equal and neither predominates
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Neutralization reactions
Give rise to water and other neutral by-products
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Metabolism
Referring to the totality of chemical and physical processes occurring in the cell
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Inorganic chemicals
Substances that play a role in the structure and function of living things; usually if it does not contain both carbon and hydrogen
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Organic chemicals
Contains basic framework of carbon bonded to hydrogens; more complex molecules that most chemical reactions and structures of living things occurs
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Functional groups
(Accessory groups) Help define the chemical class of certain groups of organic compounds and confer unique reactive properties in the whole molecule
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Biochemicals
Organic compounds produced by living things. Four main families: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleus acids
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Macromolecules
Large compounds that are formed by polymerization
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Polymerization
Process where repeating monomers are bound to polymer chains
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Monomers
One subunit; part
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Polymers
Many monomers together
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Carbohydrate
A backbone of carbon bound to two or more hydroxyl groups
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Polyhydroxy aldehydes
A group attached to the carbohydrate
| Ex: glucose
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Polyhydroxy ketones
A group attached to a carbohydrate
| Ex: fructose
68
Saccharine
A simple carbohydrate that has a sweet taste
| Ex: monosaccharide
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Monosaccharide
A simple polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone molecule containing from 3 to 7 carbons
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Polysaccharide
A polymer of five or more monosaccharides bound in linear or branched chain patterns
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Disaccharide
A combination of two monosaccharides
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Hexoses
A monosaccharide or disaccharide containing 6 carbons
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Pentoses
A monosaccharide or disaccharide containing 5 carbons
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Glycosidic bonds
Carbons on adjacent sugar units are bonded to the same oxygen atom like links in a chain
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Dehydration synthesis
A process common to polymerization reactions
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Cellulose
A long fibrous polymer that gives strength and rigidity to cell walls in plants
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Dextran
Glucose polymer
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Agar
An indispensable polysaccharide in preparing solid culture media
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Chitin
A polymer of glucosamine; a major compound in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of insects
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Peptidoglycan
Polysaccharides (glycans) are linked to peptide fragments (short chain of amino acids)
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Lipopolysaccharide
A complex of lipid and polysaccharide responsible for symptoms such as fever and shock
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Glycocalyx
"Sugar coating" made up of polysaccharides bound to proteins and functions as a site for receptors
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Receptors
Surface molecules that receive and respond to external stimuli
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Hydrolysis
Digestion; when a water molecule is required for breaking the bond between two glucose molecules
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Lipid
(Fat) substances that are not soluble in polar solvents but will dissolve in nonpolar solvents
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Triglycerides
A category of compounds including fats and oils. ; composed of single molecule of glycerol bound to three fatty acids
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Glycerol
A 3-carbon alcohol with three OH groups that serve as binding sites
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Ester bond
The bond that forms between the -OH and the -COOH
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Saturated fatty acid
Has all the carbons in the chain bonded to hydrogens wth single bonds
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Unsaturated fatty acid
Having at least one carbon ; carbon double bonds
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Phospholipids
Contain two fatty acids attached to the glycerol, third glycerol binding site holds a phosphate group
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Cholesterol
Reinforces the structure of the cell membrane in animal cells and in an unusual group of mycoplasmas
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Mycoplasma
A group of cell-wall deficient bacteria
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Prostaglandins
Fatty acid derivatives found in trace amounts that function in inflammatory and allergic reactions, blood clotting, and smooth muscle contraction
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Proteins
Predominant organic molecules in cells
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Amino acids
The building blocks of proteins; 20 different forms
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Peptide bond
A covalent bond that forms between the amino group on one amino acid and the carboxyl group on another amino acid
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Peptide
Digestion; a molecule composed of short amino acid chains
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Polypeptide
Contains an unspecified number of amino acids but usually has more than 20 and is often a smaller subunit of a protein
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Primary (1) structure of a protein
The fundamental chain of amino acids
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Secondary (2) structure off a protein
Numerous hydrogen bonds occurring between the C=O and N-H groups of peptide bonds causing the chain to coil or fold into regular patterns
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Tertiary (3) structure of proteins
Bonds between many parts of the alpha helix and the beta-pleated sheets
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Cysteine
An amino acid found in urine stones
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Quaternary (4) structure of proteins
Two or more polypeptides interact to form a large, multi unit protein
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Enzymes
The catalyst for all chemical reactions
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Antibodies
Complex glycoproteins with specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms
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Native state
The functional 3-D form of a protein
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Denatured
When the 3-D structure of a preprint is disrupted
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Originally isolated from the cell nucleus; contains a coddd genetic program with detailed and specific instructions for each organisms heredity
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Originally isolated from the cell nucleus; responsible for carrying out DNA's instructions and translating DNA into proteins
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Nucleotides
Nucleus acids are polymers of these repeating units. Composed of three smaller units: nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
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Nitrogen base
Cyclic compound that comes in two forms: purines (2 rings) and pyrimidines (1 ring)
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Types of purines
Adenine (A) and guanine (G)
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Types of pyrimidines
Thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U)
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Replication
Makes an exact copy of DNA using the original strand as a pattern
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A nucleotide containing adenine, ribose, and three phosphates
