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Microbiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Virus

A

A group of infectious agents

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2
Q

Viruses vs bacteria

A

Many viruses are parasites of bacteria but outnumber them by a factor of 10 because they carry genes from one host cell to another

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3
Q

Obligate intracellular parasite

A

Cannot multiply unless it invades a specific host cell and instructs its genetic and metabolic machinery to make and release quantities of new viruses

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4
Q

Ultramicroscopic

A

So minute- less than 0.2 um- that a microscope is needed to detect or examine them

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5
Q

Paroviruses

A

DNA viruses that cause respiratory infections in humans

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6
Q

Pandoraviruses

A

Groups of large complex viruses that are parasites inside cells of ocean-dwelling amoebas

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7
Q

What a virus needs to invade and control a host cell

A

An external coating and a core containing one or more nucleic acid strands of either DNA or RNA

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8
Q

Capsid

A

All viruses have this protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid in the central core

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9
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

The capsid and the nucleic acid of the virus

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10
Q

Naked virus

A

Viruses that consist only of a nucleocapsid

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11
Q

Enveloped viruses

A

They posses an additional covering external to the capsid- usually a modified piece of the hosts cell membrane

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12
Q

Capsomers

A

Identical protein subunits that can spontaneously self assemble into the finished capsid. Results in two types

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13
Q

Helical capsids

A

Have rod-shaped capsomers that bind together to form a series of hollow discs resembling a bracelet

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14
Q

Icosahedron capsid

A

A 3-D, 20-sided figure with 12 spaced corners.

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15
Q

Poxviruses

A

Large DNA viruses that lack a typical capsid and are covered by a dense layer of lipoproteins and coarse fibrils on their outer surface

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16
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Have a polyhedral capsid head and a helical tail and fibers for attachment to host cells. These viruses parasitize bacteria; bacterial viruses

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17
Q

Positive strand RNA

A

Single stranded RNA genomes that are ready for immediate translation into proteins

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18
Q

Negative strand RNA

A

RNA genomes that have to be converted into the proper form for translation

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19
Q

Segmented

A

The individual genes exist in separate RNA molecules

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20
Q

Retrovirus

A

An RNA virus that shows unusual features

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21
Q

Polymerase

A

Synthesize DNA and RNA and replicates the copy of RNA

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22
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Used to synthesize DNA from RNA

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23
Q

Rhabdoviruses

A

Have a bullet-shaped envelope; little rod

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24
Q

Togaviruses

A

Have a cloak like envelope ; covering or robe; anatomical or geographic areas have also been used in naming

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25
Adenoviruses
First discovered in adenoids (one type of tonsil)
26
Hantaviruses
Were originally isolated in the Korean Province of Hantaan
27
Lentiviruses
Tend to cause slow, chronic infections Ex: HIV, AIDS virus
28
Picornaviruses
Tiny RNA viruses
29
Host range
The range of hosts a virus can effect in a natural setting is limited and can vary from one virus to another
30
Tropisms
Have tissue specificities for certain cells in the body
31
Viropexis (penetration)
A form of fusion or endocytosis used in animals for the virus to inject the viral nucleic acid into the host cell's interior
32
Fusion (penetration)
The viral envelope fuses directly with the host cell membrane, so it can occur only in enveloped viruses
33
Endocytosis (penetration)
The virus can be either enveloped or naked and is engulfed entirely into a vesicle called an endosome after its initial attachment
34
Uncoated
Happens once the virus is inside the cell; the vesicle membrane becomes altered so that the viral nucleocapsid or nucleic acid can be released into the cytoplasm
35
Adsorption
The virus attaches to its host cell by specific binding of its spikes to cell receptors
36
Penetration
The virus is engulfed by the cell membrane into an endosome and transported internally
37
Synthesis: replication and protein
Production; under the control of viral genes, the cell synthesizes the basic components of new viruses: RNA molecules, capsomers, and spikes
38
Assembly
Viral spike proteins are inserted into the cell membrane for the viral envelope; nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers
39
Release
Enveloped viruses bud off of the membrane, carrying away an envelope with spikes. This complete virus or viron is ready to infect another cell
40
Budding or exocytosis
The release of a virus from an animal cell by enclosing it in a portion of membrane derived from the cell
41
Viron
Extra cellular virus particle that is virulent and able to establish infection in a host
42
Cytopathic effects (CPEs)
Virus-induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance
43
Inclusion bodies
Compacted masses of viruses or damaged cell organelles, in the nucleus and cytoplasm
44
Persistent infections
Some cells escape destruction by harboring the virus in some form; can last a few weeks to years and even the whole life of the host
45
Latent state
Viruses remain inactive or nonproductive over long periods Ex: herpes simplex virus (cold sores and genital herpes) and herpes zoster virus (chickenpox and shingles)
46
Oncogenic
Some animal viruses enter the host cell and permanently alter its genetic material (most cases lead o cancer)
47
Transformation
The effect oncogenic viruses have on the cell; nucleic acid becomes integrated into the host DNA; increased growth rate, alterations in chromosomes, changes in the cell's surface molecules, and the capacity to divide for an indefinite period.
48
Syncytia
A result of some viruses' ability to fuse membranes; the fusion of multiple host cells into single large cells containing multiple nuclei
49
Lysis
The host cell becomes so packed with viruses that it splits open- releasing the mature virions
50
Temperate phages
Special DNA viruses undergo adsorption and penetration into the host cell but are not replicated or released immediately; a reduction in intensity
51
Prophage
The virus is usually inserted into the bacterial cell and copied
52
Lysogeny
The bacteriophage DNA carried by the host chromosome
53
Induction
The prophage in a lysogenic cell will be activated and progress directly into viral replication and the lytic cycle
54
Lysogenic conversion
When a bacterium acquires genes from its temperate phage
55
In vitro cell (tissue)
Experiments performed in test tubes or other artificial environments
56
In vivo
Life; experiments performed in a living body
57
Cell culture
Tissue culture; makes it possible to propagate most viruses
58
Purposes of viral cultivation
1) to isolate and identify 2) to prepare for vaccines 3) to do detailed research on structure, multiplication cycles, genetics, and effects on host cells
59
Monolayer
Single sheet of cells supporting viral multiplication and permits close inspection of the culture for signs of infection
60
Primary cell cultures
Prepared by placing freshly isolated animal tissue in a growth medium
61
Virus infected cells that have been destroyed
Show up as clear patches in the cell known as plaques
62
Plaques
The microscopic manifestation of cytopathic effects (CPEs); patch or spot
63
Prions (proteinaceous infectious particle)
A group of noncellular infectious agents that are not viruses and really belong in a category by themselves; a naked protein molecule that lacks any nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
64
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
The disease associated with prions
65
Viroids
Virus like agents that infect plants; very small (one tenth of average virus); composed of only naked strands of RNA, lacking a capsid or any other type of coating

Microbiology (17 decks)

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