Chapter 1

Question 1

what is the best definition of psychology?

Answer 1

the study of mental processes and behaviour

Question 2

when studying mental processes what are the 4 goals psychologists have in mind?

Answer 2

descriptive, explanation, prediction, control

Question 3

what are the 3 levels of analysis?

Answer 3

the brain, the person and the group

Question 4

who was hippocrates?

Answer 4

greek physician who believed that disease had a physical and rational explanation

Question 5

who believed that someones health was influenced by humours?

Answer 5

hippocrates

Question 6

who studied whether the mind and body function together?

Answer 6

socrates and plato (concluded they were distinct)

Question 7

what did Aristotle conclude?

Answer 7

humans are closely related to animals

Question 8

who caused the disappearance of the roles of magic and mysticism in psycology, and that the brain controlled the body by moving fluids?

Answer 8

leahey 2000

Question 9

what is empirism and who created it ?

Answer 9

all knowledge originates in expierence, francis bacon

Question 10

who popularized the scientific method

Answer 10

francis bacon

Question 11

who believed that the natural world could be understood by science and mathematics?

Answer 11

rene descartes

Question 12

who believed that we learn by experiences?

Answer 12

john locke

Question 13

who studied the relationship between physical stimuli and their psychological affects?

Answer 13

johannes muller

Question 14

who was first to measure the speed of nerve impulse?

Answer 14

hermon von helmoltz, led to understanding that thought and movement are linked. contributed to foundation of modern psychology and neuroscience.

Question 15

who was gustav fechner

Answer 15

psychology had the potential to become a quantified science

Question 16

what does natural selection propose?

Answer 16

chance variations are passed down from parents to offspring, some of these are adaptive.

Question 17

what did William wundt observe?

Answer 17

studied the content and processes of conciousness

Question 18

who developed voluntarism?

Answer 18

wundt

Question 19

who created structuralism?

Answer 19

edward titchner

Question 20

what is structuralism?

Answer 20

the structure of a concious expierence

Question 21

what is introspection?

Answer 21

evaluation of mental processes and how simple thoughts expand into complex ideas

Question 22

what was william james’s approach?

Answer 22

functionalism

Question 23

what is functionalism?

Answer 23

how mental processes function to adapt to changing environments.

Question 24

what is gestalt psychology?

Answer 24

we have inborn tendencies to structure, these tendencies cause us to see things as broad perceptual units rather than individual sensations.

Question 25

what is the main difference between structuralism and functionalism?

Answer 25

functionalism was based on the main belief that scientists should examine the purpose of consciousness

Question 26

what was sigmand freud involved in?

Answer 26

many of our thoughts and feelings exist beyond the realm of awareness, focused on patients involved with histeria

Question 27

what is the psychoanalytic theory and from did it originate from?

Answer 27

freud, mental processes are influenced by the competition among unconscious forces to come into awareness.

Question 28

what is behaviourism?

Answer 28

psychology should only be studied on observable behaviours

Question 29

what did behaviourists tend to focus on?

Answer 29

stimuli and responses

Question 30

what idea did behaviourism bring on?

Answer 30

conditioning (associate stimuli with each other and respond the same way)

Question 31

who was a functionalist that helped transition psychology toward that animal findings could help explain human behaviour?

Answer 31

Edward thorndike

Question 32

who is credited with pioneering the school of behaviourism?

Answer 32

John Watson

Question 33

what did BF skinner observe?

Answer 33

internal and mental processes may be at work when observing behaviourism.

Question 34

what is a central idea of behaviourism?

Answer 34

consequence resulting from a behaviour

Question 35

how does punishment differ from reinforcement?

Answer 35

punishment causes the decrease of an action to be preformed again, while reinforcement increases the likely of a response

Question 36

what is humanistic psychology?

Answer 36

gave grater prominence to special and unique features to human functioning.

Question 37

who were the founding humanistic theorists?

Answer 37

carl rogers and abraham maslow

Question 38

what does humanism focus on?

Answer 38

potential of individuals, conciousness, free will and personality

Question 39

what theory did carl rogers develop?

Answer 39

client centred theory, help clients experience positive regard, clients are equals

Question 40

what is cognitive psychology?

Answer 40

``` mental processes as forms of information processing, ulric neisser (information processing) ```

Question 41

what is cultural psychology?

Answer 41

how cultural practices shape behaviour and influence human behaviour

Question 42

what is cross-cultural psychology?

Answer 42

what is generally universal about humans regardless of cultural

Question 43

who developed cell assembly?

Answer 43

Donald hebb

Question 44

what is behavioural genetics?

Answer 44

subfield of psychology that looks at genes on the influence of human behaviour

Question 45

what are social biologists?

Answer 45

humans have an innate concept of how social behaviour should be organized

Question 46

what is evolutionary psychology?

Answer 46

how evolution has shaped the body and brain through our genes and environment

Question 47

what are the 6 major perspectives in psychology today?

Answer 47

psychoanalytic, behaviourist, cognitive, evolutionary, humanist, neuroscience

Question 48

which theorist is most likely associated with psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 48

Freud

Question 49

what are the three current branches of psychology?

Answer 49

academic, clinical and counceling, applied psycology

Question 50

what does academic psychology involve?

Answer 50

research and instrution

Question 51

what is applied psychology?

Answer 51

applying psychological principles to practical problems

Question 52

what is clinical and councelling psychology?

Answer 52

helps individuals to cope more effectively and overcome abnormal functioning

Question 53

what are the main shared values of psychology?

Answer 53

theory driven, empirical, multi level, contextual

Question 54

what does cultural psychology divide in?

Answer 54

collectivist and individualist

Question 55

what is the difference betweencollectivist and individualist

Answer 55

focuses on needs of group, wants or desires of person rather than group

Question 56

what is cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 56

mental processes and how they relate to the functions of the brain

Question 57

what is social neuroscience?

Answer 57

social functioning and how it relates to brain activity