Chapter 12

Question 1

what are freuds levels of consciousness?

Answer 1

conciouss, preconciouss and unconciouss

Question 2

what are freuds psychosexual stages?

Answer 2

the stages—labelled oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital—are primarily influenced by sexuality and aggression.

Question 3

defence mechanisms?

Answer 3

Unconscious tactics employed by the ego to protect the individual from anxiety.

Question 4

what is repression?

Answer 4

The most basic defence mechanism; the process of keeping unpleasant memories or thoughts buried deep within the unconscious mind.

Question 5

who was interested in how feelings of inferiority motivate behaviour?

Answer 5

alfred adler

Question 6

who added the collective unconciouss?

inherited memories

Answer 6

carl jung

Question 7

karen horney?

Answer 7

interested in basic anxiety, cultural differences in behaviour

Question 8

According to psychoanalytic theory, the personality element in charge of determining which impulses are acceptable to express openly and which are unacceptable; develops as we observe and internalize the behaviours of others in our culture?

Answer 8

superego

Question 9

Diverting one’s impulses to a more acceptable target is the defence mechanism known as?

Answer 9

displacement

Question 10

most of the content in our minds of freuds view is?

Answer 10

the unconciouss

Question 11

what were freuds three central forces in personality development?

Answer 11

id, ego and superego

Question 12

who had humanistic perspectives?

Answer 12

abraham maslow and carl rogers

Question 13

what is the humanistic perspective?

Answer 13

people basic goodness and ability to reach full potential

Question 14

maslows heirachy of needs has what at the top level?

Answer 14

self actualization

Question 15

rogers idea about the importance of self concept is ?

Answer 15

children need unconditional positive positive regard to develop healthy self concepts

Question 16

the five factor theory evolved from?

Answer 16

gordon allport and hans esenck

Question 17

eyesenck identified three personality superfactors?

Answer 17

extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism

Question 18

the five factor theory includes which categories?

Answer 18

agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, openness to experience

Question 19

what is situationism?

Answer 19

behaviour is governed primarily by the variables in a given situation rather than by internal traits.

Question 20

what is interactionism?

Answer 20

A view emphasizing the relationship between a person’s underlying personality traits and the reinforcing aspects of the situations in which they choose to put themselves.

Question 21

what are personality inventories?

Answer 21

paper-and-pencil questionnaire designed to assess various aspects of personality.

Question 22

the two widely used personality inventories are?

Answer 22

MMPI-2 (abnormal personality and inclinations), NEO-PI-R (traits associated with five factor theory of personality)

Question 23

what are projective tests?

Answer 23

tap into peoples unconciouss by having them interpret ambiguous stimuli

Question 24

in case of the roschach inkblot test the stimuli are?

Answer 24

inkblots

Question 25

what are the stimuli in tat?

Answer 25

black and white drawings

Question 26

what did the Minnesota twin study suggest?

Answer 26

many personality traits have strong genetic links

Question 27

when interpreting links between genes it is important to remember?

Answer 27

relationships are complex and multi directional

Question 28

what factors are though to play a major role in gender differences?

Answer 28

socio culture factors

Question 29

cross cultural research focussed on?

Answer 29

personality development in individualistic and collectivistic cultures

Question 30

______ has a direct impact on how and whether a certain personality trait evolves into behaviours?

Answer 30

living conditions

Question 31

what outlines 10 personality disorders in its guide for therapists?

Answer 31

the american psychiatric association

Question 32

Humanistic theorists include?

Answer 32

rogers

Question 33

According to Rogers, what happens if children fail to regularly receive unconditional positive regard?

Answer 33

It acts as a negative force that prevents a person from reaching his full potential.

Question 34

Assumptions of trait theorists include which of the following?

Answer 34

People have innate tendencies to respond to situations in certain ways, Such principles can be used to form the foundation of a scientifically testable theory, These tendencies can be linked together to form broad habits

Question 35

What are the Big Five personality factors?

Answer 35

agreeableness, extroversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, openness

Question 36

What theorists played key roles in the situationist view of personality?

Answer 36

skinner

Question 37

What is the interactionist view of personality?

Answer 37

The choices you make are functions of underlying personality traits.

Question 38

What is the purpose of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2)?

Answer 38

to assess abnormal personality characteristics and inclinations

Question 39

A ___ test is a personality assessment device intended to tap a person’s unconscious by presenting the person with an ambiguous stimulus and asking the person to interpret what the stimulus means?

Answer 39

projective

Question 40

What do we mean when we say that the Big Five dimension of openness has a heritability coefficient of .55?

Answer 40

55 percent of all differences observed in the tested population are due to genetic factors rather than to environmental differences.

Question 41

What are the three categories of temperament proposed by Clark and Watson?

Answer 41

negative emotionality, positive emotionality, disinhibition versus constraint

Question 42

What personality differences between men and women have researchers identified?

Answer 42

Women, on average, tend to be more accurate than men at assessing emotion in other people, Women are more attuned to interpersonal concerns when making moral decisions, while men are more likely to base such decisions on laws or abstract principles, Women tend to display more nurturing behaviours

Question 43

What are some of the primary differences between the values of collectivist and individualist cultures?

Answer 43

People in collectivist cultures tend to score higher on measures of agreeableness

Question 44

What do all personality disorders have in common?

Answer 44

problematic emotional response patterns

Question 45

Preoccupied with perfectionism and control at the expense of flexibility or enjoyment is a ________ type of personality disorder?

Answer 45

obsessive compulsive