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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1 (organ systems) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 (organ systems) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Integumentary system?

A

External covering of the body(skin, nails, and hair)

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2
Q

What is the integumentary systems job?

A

waterproof the body

cushion and protect the deeper tissues

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3
Q

with help from sunlight, what vitamin does the integumentary system produce?

A

vitamin D

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4
Q

what does the integumentary system excrete and what does it help to regulate?

A

excretes: salts

helps regulate: body temp

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5
Q

what does the skeletal system consist of?

A

bones
cartilage
joints
ligaments

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6
Q

what are the muscles functions?

A 
to contract(shorten)
produces and prevents movement of bones
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7
Q

what is the nervous system?

A

the body’s fast acting control system

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8
Q

what types of stimuli from outside the body does the nervous system react to?

A

light
sound
temperature changes

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9
Q

what types of stimuli from inside the body does the nervous system react to?

A

decreases in oxygen

stretching of tissue

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10
Q

what are the electrical signals that sensory receptors send called and where are they sent?

A

nerve impulses

central nervous system

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11
Q

what makes up the central nervous system?

A

The brain

The spinal cord

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12
Q

after the central nervous system assesses the information sent to it by the sensory receptors, how does it respond?

A

activates the appropriate effectors (muscles or glands)

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13
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

a slower acting control system that uses chemical signals instead of electrical ones

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14
Q

how does the endocrine system work?

A

glands in the endocrine system release hormones into the blood to reach target organs

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15
Q

what do lymphnodes and other lymphoid organs help do to the blood?

A

return leaked fluid
cleanse
house white blood cells

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16
Q

what does the respiratory system do?

A

keep body supplied with oxygen

remove carbon dioxide

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17
Q

what does the respiratory system consist of?

A 
nasal passages
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronci
lungs
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18
Q

how are gasses exchanged in the lungs?

A

tiny air sacs

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19
Q

what are the components of the digestive system?

A 
mouth
esophagus
stomach
small and large intestines
rectum
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20
Q

where in the digestive system is food broken down and nutrients delivered to the blood?

A

the small intestines

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21
Q

what digestive property does the liver have

A

it produces bile that breaks fat down

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22
Q

what digestive function does the pancreas have?

A

it sends enzymes to the small intestines

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23
Q

what waste product does the urinary system dispose of?

A

nitrogen

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24
Q

how does the body produce nitrogen?

A

it is the result of breaking down proteins and nucleic acids

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25
what are the components of the urinary system?
kidneys ureters bladder urethra
26
what are 3 additional functions of the urinary system?
maintains salt/water ratio maintains ph levels helps regulate blood pressure
27
what is a PH level?
acid-base level
28
where are the cutaneous nerve receptors located?
skin
29
what are the functions of the skeletal system?
provides muscle attachment for movement protects vital organs produces blood cells(in the marrow) stores minerals(in the hard substance)
30
body functions that are controlled b y the endocrine system include:
growth reproduction use of nutrients
31
endocrine glands include:
``` pineal pituitary thymus thyroid and parathyroid adrenal pancreas testes and ovaries ```
32
what does blood transport?
oxygen and carbon dioxide nutrients hormones white blood cells
33
what regulates the metabolism?
hormones
34
what type of movement is needed to maintain life?
locomotion | movement of substances
35
what are the functions necessary to maintain life?
``` maintaining boundaries movement responsiveness digestion metabolism excretion reproduction growth ```
36
the function of responsiveness is the
ability to sense and react to changes
37
metabolism is the...
chemical reactions within the body
38
what does the metabolism do to maintain life?
``` breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones, builds larger molecules from smaller ones, produces energy(ATP) ```
39
what regulates the metabolism?
hormones (endocrine system)
40
another word for excreta..
waste
41
how is waste removed from our bodies?
excretion. urine, feces, and sweat
42
what levels do reproduction occur on?
cellular and oranismal
43
why does reproduction occur on a cellular level?
new cells are used for growth and repair
44
what are the human survival needs?
``` nutrients oxygen water normal body temperature atmospheric pressure ```
45
what happens if body temperature becomes too low?
chemical reactions in the body slow and/or stop
46
what happens if body temperature becomes too high?
chemical reactions in the body proceed too rapidly
47
why is oxygen important?
it is required for chemical reactions
48
what is the most abundant chemical in the human body?
water
49
how much of the human body is made up of water?
60%-80%
50
what are nutrients?
chemicals used for energy and cell building
51
nutrients include:
``` carbohydrates proteins lipids vitamins minerals ```
52
atmospheric pressure must be appropriate for what?
gas exchange(oxygen and carbon dioxide)
53
special terminology is used to:
prevent misunderstanding
54
exact terms are used for:
position direction regions structures
55
what is an atom?
smallest particle of an element
56
what is a molecule?
particle with electrons of 2 or more atoms forming chemical bonds
57
what is a cell
basic living unit with specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions to keep the cell alive and functioning
58
what jobs does the digestive system have?
break down food, allow nutrients to be absorbed into blood, eliminates indigestible material as feces
59
what do sensory receptors in the nervous system detect?
changes
60
(maintaining life) | maintaining boundaries is?
boundaries separate the inside from the outside
61
maintaining life: digestion means to?
break down and absorb nutrients
62
what systems make oxygen available to the body?
respiratory system, and | cardiovascular system
63
what are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?
cranial cavity and spinal cavity
64
what are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity?
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
65
what does the cranial cavity house?
brain
66
what does the spinal cavity house?
spinal cord
67
thoracic cavity houses what organs?
heart, lungs,esophagus, trachea, thymus
68
what are other body cavities beside dorsal and ventral?
oral and digestive cavities, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities
69
what is homeostasis?
maintenance of relativly stable internal conditions
70
why is homeostasis important?
it is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
71
what are the main controlling systems associated with homeostasis?
nervous system and endocrine system
72
what is homeostatic imbalance?
a disturbance in homeostasis that results in disease
73
all homeostatic control mechanisms have at lease ____ components. how many and what are they?
at lease three. receptor, control center, and effector
74
what do receptors do?
respond to changes in the environment(stimuli) and send information to control center along an afferent pathway
75
what does a control center do?
determines set point, | analyses information, and determines appropriate response.
76
what does an effector do?
provides a means for response to the stimuli
77
how does an effector receive information?
an efferent pathway
78
what type of feedback mechanism do most homeostatic control mechanisms use?
negative feedback
79
how does negative feedback work
shuts off original stimulus or reduces its intensity and works like a thermostat
80
what type of feedback is rare in the human body?
positive feedback
81
in a positive feedback mechanism, what rate does the reaction occur?
a faster rate
82
what are two examples of a positive feedback loop?
blood clotting and breast feeding

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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