chapter 8 special senses

Question 1

what are the special senses?

Answer 1

1) smell
2) taste
3) sight
4) hearing
5) equilibrium

Question 2

where are 70% of sensory receptors?

Answer 2

eyes

Question 3

how many nerve fibers does each eye contain?

Answer 3

over 1 million

Question 4

what are the accessory structures of the eyes

Answer 4

1) extrinsic eye muscles
2) eyelids
3) eye lashes
4) conjuctiva
5) lacrimal apparatus

Question 5

what glands are located in the eye lashes?

Answer 5

1) tarsal glands
2) ciliary glands

Question 6

what do tarsal glands secrete?

Answer 6

oily secretions that lubricate eyes

Question 7

what is conjuctiva?

what is its function?

Answer 7

1) membrane that lines the eyelids and eyeballs
2) secretes mucus to lubricate eye

Question 8

what does the lacrimal apparatus consist of?

Answer 8

lacrimal glands and ducts

Question 9

what is the pathway of lacrimal fluid?

Answer 9

1) fluid secreted by gland
2) drains to lacrimal sac
3) travels through nasolacrimal duct and empties into nasal cavity

Question 10

what does lacrimal fluid consist of?

Answer 10

1) salt solution
2) mucus
3) antibodies
4) lysozyme

Question 11

what is lysozyme?

Answer 11

an enzyme that destroys bacteria

Question 12

what is the function of lacrimal fluid?

Answer 12

1) cleanse
2) protect
3) moisten
4) lubricate

Question 13

what are the 3 layers of the eye wall?

Answer 13

1) fibrous tunic
2) vascular tunic
3) retina

Question 14

what does the fibrous tunic of the eye wall consist of?

Answer 14

1) sclera
2) cornea

Question 15

what does the vascular tunic of the eye wall consist of?

Answer 15

1) iris
2) ciliary body
3) choroid

Question 16

what are the names of the layers in the retina?

Answer 16

1) pigmented layer
2) neural layer

Question 17

the cornea is avascular, so where does it get its nutrients and oxygen from?

Answer 17

1) lacrimal fluid
2) aqueous humor

Question 18

what part of the eye does the majority of the focusing?

Answer 18

the cornea

Question 19

what makes up the majority of the fibrous tunic of the eye wall? what part of the eye is this?

Answer 19

the sclera (the white part of the eye)

Question 20

what are the functions of the sclera?

Answer 20

1) provides shape
2) protects internal parts
3) attachment site for muscles

Question 21

what does the choroid contain?

Answer 21

a vast network of capillaries that supply oxygen and nutrients to the retina

Question 22

what part of the eye is the iris and what does it control?

Answer 22

the pigmented part of the eye

it controls the amount of light that enters the eye by controlling the size of the pupil

Question 23

what is the ciliary body composed of?

Answer 23

1) ciliary muscles
2) ciliary processes

Question 24

what is the function of the ciliary body?

Answer 24

changes the shape of the lense to adjust the focal point

Question 25

what is the pigmented layer of retina attached to and what does it absorb?

Answer 25

its attached to the choroid and absorbs light that passes through the retina

Question 26

what type of tissue is the pigmented layer of retina made of?

Answer 26

simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

Question 27

what does the neural layer of retina house?

Answer 27

1) photoreceptors 2) associated neurons

Question 28

what happens when the neural layer of retina recieves light?

Answer 28

it converts the energy from the light into nerve impulses

Question 29

how are the neurons arranged in the neural layer of retina?

Answer 29

in 3 layers of bipolar neurons

Question 30

what is the center of the eyes sharpest vision and why?

Answer 30

fovea centralis because it has the highest proportion of cones with almost no rods

Question 31

in the neural layer of retina, what are the 3 cell types in order from superficial to deep?

Answer 31

1) photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) 2) bipolar cells 3) ganglion cells

Question 32

the ganglion cells in the neural layer of the retina have axons that form what?

Answer 32

the optic nerve (CN2)

Question 33

the aqueous humor has fluid inside with what type of consistancy?

Answer 33

watery consistancy

Question 34

the vitreous humor has fluid inside with what type of consistancy?

Answer 34

gel- like consistancy

Question 35

ophthalmoscope =

Answer 35

an instrument used to illuminate the interior of the eyeball and fundus (posterior wall)

Question 36

what can an ophthalmoscope detect?

Answer 36

1) diabettes 2) arteriosclerosis 3) optic nerve or retina degeneration

Question 37

optic nerve =

Answer 37

a bundle of axons that exit the back of the eye. carries impulses from the retina

Question 38

optic chiasm =

Answer 38

where medial optic nerve fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain

Question 39

optic tracts contain which nerve fibers?

Answer 39

contains nerve fibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and medial nerve fibers from the eye on the opposite side

Question 40

optic radiation =

Answer 40

axons from the thalamus that run to occipital lobe and synapse with cortical cells.

Question 41

pathway of impulses from retina to point of visual interpretation =

Answer 41

impulse is sent from retina and travel through: 1) optic nerve 2) optic chiasm 3) optic tract 4) thalamus 5) optic radiation 6) optic cortex in occipital lobe

Question 42

cataracts =

Answer 42

abnormal structure and/ or arrangment of protiens in the lens causing blurring

Question 43

glaucoma =

Answer 43

increased fluid pressure inside eyes causes damage to the optic nerve

Question 44

what are the 2 senses of the ears?

Answer 44

1) hearing 2) equilibrium

Question 45

what type of receptors are found in the ears?

Answer 45

mechanoreceptors

Question 46

what 3 areas are the ears divided into?

Answer 46

1) external ear 2) middle ear 3) internal ear

Question 47

auricle =

Answer 47

AKA pinna. the outter ear (the cartilage part)

Question 48

what is the external acoustic meatus?

Answer 48

it is a narrow chamber in the temporal bone that ends at the tympanic membrane

Question 49

what is the external acoustic meatus lines with?

Answer 49

skin and ceruminous glands

Question 50

what are ceruminous glands?

Answer 50

anatomical name for earwax glands

Question 51

what is the external acoustic meatus AKA?

Answer 51

auditory canal

Question 52

what is the tympanic membrane?

Answer 52

the anatomical name for the eardrum

Question 53

what is the function of the external ear?

Answer 53

only to collect sound waves

Question 54

what is the tympanic cavity AKA?

Answer 54

the middle ear cavity

Question 55

where is the tympanic cavity located?

Answer 55

in the temporal bones between the tympanic membrane and the oval window and round window

Question 56

what is the function of the tympanic cavity

Answer 56

only to sense hearing

Question 57

what is the tympanic cavity filled with? what is it lined with?

Answer 57

filled with air and lined with mucosa

Question 58

what is the pharyngotympanic tube?

Answer 58

a tube that links the middle ear cavity with the throat

Question 59

what is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?

Answer 59

to equalize pressure in the middle ear cavity so the tympanic membrane can vibrate

Question 60

what are the names 3 auditory ossicles found in the tympanic cavity in order?

Answer 60

1) malleus (hammer) 2) incus (anvil) 3) stapes (stirrup)

Question 61

what is the function of the auditory ossicles?

Answer 61

to amplify and transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane the oval window

Question 62

how do vibrations travel through the auditory ossicles?

Answer 62

malleus\>incus\>stapes\>oval window of the inner ear

Question 63

where is the osseous labyrinth located?

Answer 63

in the inner ear

Question 64

what does the osseous labyrinth consist of?

Answer 64

1) cochlea 2) vestibule 3) semicircular canals

Question 65

what fluids are found in the osseous labyrinth?

Answer 65

1) perilymph 2) endolymph

Question 66

what are the equilibrium receptors in the inner ear called?

Answer 66

the vestibular apparatus

Question 67

what are the 2 functions of the vestibular apparatus?

Answer 67

1) static equilibrium 2) dynamic equilibrium

Question 68

what are maculae?

Answer 68

receptors in the vestibule that report the position of our head to our brain to help keep out head erect

Question 69

where do maculae send information?

Answer 69

to the cerebellum via the vestibular nerve

Question 70

study static and dynamic equilibrium

Answer 70

get a grip on it

Question 71

what is crista ampullaris?

Answer 71

sensory organs that respond to angular or rotational movements of the head

Question 72

where are the crista ampullaris organs located?

Answer 72

the ampulla of each semicircular canal

Question 73

where is the spiral organ located?

Answer 73

within the cochlear duct

Question 74

what are the receptors in the spiral organ of corti?

Answer 74

hair cells on the basilar membrane

Question 75

what is the tectorial membrane?

Answer 75

a gel like membrane capable of bending air

Question 76

how does the spiral organ send impulses to the brain? what part of the brain are they sent to?

Answer 76

hair cells transmit impulses to the auditory cortex on the temporal lobe via the cochlear nerve

Question 77

what is a unique structural feature of the tectorial membrane?

Answer 77

theres a hook at the end of one side

Question 78

what is the pathway of vibrations from sound waves?

Answer 78

1) sound waves move passed the auditory ossicles to the oval window 2) ossicles amplify the sound waves 3) pressure waves cause vibrations in the basilar membrane in the spiral organ of corti 4) hair cells in the tectorial membrane are bent when the basilar membrane vibrates against it 5) hair cells send nerve impulses to temporal lobe via the cochlear nerve

Question 79

what are the 2 types of hearing loss?

Answer 79

1) conductive (outter or middle ear) 2) sensorineurial (hair cells or nerves)

Question 80

what are the treatments for sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 80

1) hearing aid 2) cochlear implant

Question 81

what type of receptors are involved with smell and taste?

Answer 81

chemoreceptors (chemical receptors)

Question 82

what are chemoreceptors stimulated by?

Answer 82

chemicals in solution

Question 83

how many different receptors are involved with taste?

Answer 83

5 types

Question 84

out of smell and taste, which can differentiate a wider range of chemicals?

Answer 84

smell

Question 85

2 things smell and taste have in common:

Answer 85

both compliment eachother and respond to the same stimuli

Question 86

what nerve is associated with smell?

Answer 86

olfactory nerve(CN1)

Question 87

what are olfactory hairs?

Answer 87

receptor cells with long cilia that detect chemicals that have been dissolved in mucus

Question 88

what must happen to chemicals before olfactory receptors can detect them?

Answer 88

they must first be dissolved in mucus

Question 89

where are smells interpreted?

Answer 89

olfactory cortex

Question 90

where are taste receptors housed?

Answer 90

taste buds

Question 91

where are taste buds located?

Answer 91

1) most are on the tongue 2) soft palate 3) superior part of pharynx 4) cheeks

Question 92

what is papillae?

Answer 92

projections on the tongue that contain taste buds

Question 93

what are gustatory cells?

Answer 93

taste receptors