chapter 15 urinary system

Question 1

what are the main lobes of the liver?

Answer 1

the right lobe and the left lobe

Question 2

what is the largest lobe of the liver?

Answer 2

the right lobe

Question 3

what are the subdivisions of the right lobe?

Answer 3

1) the caudate lobe
2) the quadrate lobe

Question 4

what is the porta hepatis?

Answer 4

the area where vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter the liver

Question 5

where can you see the subdivisions of the right lobe of the liver?

Answer 5

the posterior side only

Question 6

what is the connective tissue that holds the lobes of the liver together called? what is at the inferior end of it?

Answer 6

the falciform ligament

the round ligament is attached at the bottom

Question 7

what does connective tissue partition the liver into?

Answer 7

thousands of hepatic lobules

Question 8

what do hepatic lobules contain?

Answer 8

hepatocytes and sinusoids

Question 9

where are the portal triads found in the liver?

Answer 9

the periphery of the lobules

Question 10

what are portal triads?

Answer 10

branches of hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct

Question 11

what is the vessel in the center of a hepatic lobule called?

Answer 11

the central vein

Question 12

is the pancreas endocrine or exocrine?

Answer 12

both

Question 13

what performs the endocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 13

pancreatic islets

Question 14

where does gucagon and insulin come from?

Answer 14

alpha cells are glucagon and beta cells are insulin. they both originate from the pancreatic islets

Question 15

what performs the exocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 15

acinar cells. they produce pancreatic juice containing enzymes and excrete it into the small intestine

Question 16

what is the exocrine duct of the pancreas called?

Answer 16

pancreatic duct

Question 17

what are the major organs of the urinary system?

Answer 17

1) kidneys
2) ureters
3) urinary bladder
4) urethra

Question 18

what are the functions of the urinary system?

Answer 18

1) store and excrete urine
2) regulate blood volume
3) regulate erythrocyte production
4) regulate ion levels
5) regulate acid-base balance

Question 19

what is the hilum of the kidneys?

Answer 19

the concave medial border where blood vessels, nerves, and ureters connect to the kidney

Question 20

what are the kidneys innervated by?

Answer 20

renal nerve plexus

Question 21

what are the tissue layers surrounding each kindey (inner to outter)?

Answer 21

1) fibrous capsule
2) perinephric fat
3) renal fascia
4) paranephric fat

Question 22

what are the regions of the kidneys?

Answer 22

1) renal cortex
2) renal medulla

Question 23

what are renal columns?

Answer 23

extensions of the renal cortex that project into the medulla and subdivide it into renal pyramids

Question 24

how many renal pyramids does a typical kidney contain?

Answer 24

8-15

Question 25

what is the corticomedullary junction?

Answer 25

where the wide base of the renal pyramid makes contact with the cortex

Question 26

what is a renal papilla?

Answer 26

the apex (tip) of a renal pyramid

Question 27

what is a minor calyx?

Answer 27

the hollow funnel-shaped structure that each renal papilla projects into

Question 28

what are renal columns?

Answer 28

the space between each renal pryamid

Question 29

what is a major calyx?

Answer 29

where multiple minor calyces come together

Question 30

what do major calyces fuse into?

Answer 30

they fuse into the renal pelvis

Question 31

which part of the kidney collects urine and transports it to the ureter?

Answer 31

the renal pelvis

Question 32

what is a renal lobe?

Answer 32

a renal lobe consists of 1 renal pyramid and the cortico tissue immediately surrounding it

Question 33

how many renal lobes does a kidney contain?

Answer 33

8-15 lobes

Question 34

what is a nephron?

Answer 34

the functional filtration unit of a kidney

Question 35

what does each nephron consist of ?

Answer 35

a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule

Question 36

what does a renal tubule consist of?

Answer 36

1) a proximan convoluted tubule 2) a nephron loop 3) and a distal convoluted tubule

Question 37

what are the 2 types of nephron?

Answer 37

1) cortical nephrons 2) juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 38

cortical nephrons account for what % of all nephrons?

Answer 38

about 85%

Question 39

juxtamedullary nephrons account for what % of all nephrons?

Answer 39

about 15%

Question 40

what is the difference between the two types of nephrons?

Answer 40

cortical nephrons are located mostly in the cortex and nephron loop only reaches the outter medulla juxtamedullary nephrons have a nephron loop that reaches deep into the medulla

Question 41

nephrons form urine through which 3 processes?

Answer 41

1) glomerular filtration 2) tubular reabsorption 3) tubular secretion

Question 42

what is glomerular filtration?

Answer 42

the movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into the capsular space

Question 43

what is tubular reabsorption?

Answer 43

the movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood

Question 44

what is tubular secretion?

Answer 44

the movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid

Question 45

what is a renal corpuscle?

Answer 45

the bulbous part of a nephron

Question 46

what is a renal corpuscle composed of?

Answer 46

a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule

Question 47

what is a glomerulus?

Answer 47

a thick tangle of capillaries

Question 48

what is a glomerular capsule?

Answer 48

the epithelial capsule surrounding the glomerulus

Question 49

what are the 3 layers (inner to outter) of the filtration membrane of a renal corpuscle?

Answer 49

1) endothelium of glomerulus - fenestrated 2) basement membrane of glomerulus - porous 3) visceral layer of glomerular capsule - made of podocytes (w/ pedicels)

Question 50

what are the pedicels of podocytes separated by?

Answer 50

thin, membrane-covered filtration slits

Question 51

proximal convoluted tubule characteristics -

Answer 51

cells have tall microvilli that reabsorb almost all nutrients leaked through filtration membranes and return it to circulation

Question 52

the nephron loop is AKA

Answer 52

the loop of henle

Question 53

where do nephron loops project?

Answer 53

into the medulla

Question 54

what are the 2 limbs of a nephron loop? what are their directions?

Answer 54

descending limb - extends from the renal cortex into the renal medulla ascending limb - returns from the medulla into the cortex

Question 55

which part of a nephron facilitates reabsorption of water and solutes?

Answer 55

nephron loops

Question 56

where does the proximal convoluted tubule begin?

Answer 56

the tubular pole of the renal corpuscle

Question 57

which hormones do the distal convoluted tubule respond to and what is the result?

Answer 57

ADH(vasopressin)- causes increased water reabsorption aldosterone - causes increased sodium reabsorption

Question 58

what type of microvilli are located in the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 58

microvilli that are short and sparse

Question 59

where do distal convoluted tubules lead?

Answer 59

to collecting tubules

Question 60

what do collecting tubules empty into?

Answer 60

collecting ducts

Question 61

where are collecting ducts located?

Answer 61

collecting ducts course through the medulla into the renal papilla

Question 62

collecting ducts modify tubular fluid under the influence of what?

Answer 62

aldosterone and ADH

Question 63

where is vasopressin stored?

Answer 63

posterior pituitary gland

Question 64

higher levels of aldosterone and ADH lead to what?

Answer 64

retention of salt and water

Question 65

when does tubular fluid become water?

Answer 65

when the fluid leaves the collecting ducts

Question 66

what is the route of tubular fluid/urine starting at the collecting duct?

Answer 66

collecting duct--papillary duct--minor calyx--major calyx--renal pelvis

Question 67

what happens to urinary system with age?

Answer 67

1) blood flow to kidneys decreases 2) # of functional nephrons decreases 3) decreased responsiveness to aldosterone and ADH 4) less blood volume and pressure control 5) bladder decreases in size and loses muscle tone 6) control of urethral sphincters may be lost

Question 68

incontinence means what?

Question 69

what are UTIs caused by?

Answer 69

bacterial usually from GI tract that enters urethra and can travel to kidneys.(more common in women)

Question 70

symptoms of UTI -

Answer 70

1) cloudy urine/ unusual smell 2) burning when urinating 3) pelvis(female), rectal (male) pain

Question 71

what are kidney stones?

Answer 71

hard deposits of mineral and acid salts that form in the kidneys

Question 72

kidney stone symptoms -

Answer 72

- may be asymptomatic- - blood in urine - pain - nausea/vomiting - fever/chills

Question 73

how are kidney stones diagnosed?

Answer 73

CT scan