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Anatomy & Physiology > chapter 6 muscular system > Flashcards

chapter 6 muscular system Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

how many skeletal muscles are in the human body?

A

over 700

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2
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle?

A

1) skeletal muscles
2) cardiac muscles
3) smooth muscles

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3
Q

what do skeletal muscles attach to?

A

1) attached to bones
2) some facial muscles attach to skin

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4
Q

where is cardiac muscle found?

A

walls of the heart

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5
Q

where is smooth muscle found?

A

mostly in the walls of hollow internal organs(except heart)

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6
Q

how is skeletal muscle controled?

A

voluntarily controled by nervous system

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7
Q

how is cardiac muscle controlled?

A

involuntarily controlled by the nervous system and hormones

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8
Q

how is smooth muscle controlled?

A

involuntarily controlled by:

1) nervous system
2) hormones
3) chemicals
4) stretch mechanism

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9
Q

what attaches skeletal muscle to bone?

A

tendons

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10
Q

what is endomysium?

A

connective tissue that encloses a single muscle fiber(cell)

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11
Q

what is perimysium?

A

connective tissue that wraps around a fascicle

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12
Q

what is epimysium?

A

connective tissue that covers the entire skeletal muscle

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13
Q

what is fascia?

A

connective tissue on the outside of epimysium

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14
Q

what is a fascicle?

A

a bundle of muscle fibers

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15
Q

what are the 4 important roles of skeletal muscle?

A

1) contract to cause or prevent movement
2) maintain posture and body position
3) stabilize joints
4) generate heat

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16
Q

what is sarcolemma?

A

specialized plasma membrane of muscle cells

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17
Q

what are myofibrils?

A

long fiber like organelles within skeletal muscle cells

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18
Q

what are I bands and A bands?

A

(I) light and (A) dark bands on myofibril that gives muscle cells a banded appearance

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19
Q

what are thin myofilaments made of?

A

actin protein

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20
Q

what are thick myofilaments made of?

A

myosin protein `

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21
Q

what is a sarcomere?

A

the contractile unit of a muscle fiber (cell)

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22
Q

what is the functional and structural unit of a skeletal muscle cell?

A

sarcomere

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23
Q

what is the length of a sarcomere?

A

the length between one Z disk and the next

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24
Q

myofilaments with myosin heads =

A

thick filaments

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25
filaments made of actin =
thin filaments
26
what is actin?
contractile protein
27
what is actin anchored to in a muscle cell?
Z disks
28
when do H zones in muscle cells disappear and why?
during contraction because actin and myosin filaments overlap
29
what filament contains ATPase?
thick filaments
30
what does ATPase do within muscle cells?
split ATP to release energy for muscle contractions
31
what are the special functional properties of skeletal muscle?
1) irritability 2) contractility 3) extensibility 4) elasticity
32
what is irritability?
AKA responsiveness- the ability to receive and respond to stimuli
33
what is contractility?
ability to forcibly shorten when an adequate stimulus is received
34
what is extensibility?
ability to be stretched
35
what is elasticity?
the ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching
36
what do skeletal muscles need to be stimulated by in order to contract?
a motor neuron (nerve cell)
37
what is a motor unit?
one motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells stimulated by it
38
what is a neuromuscular junction?
association site between the axon terminal of a motor unit and the sarcolemma of a muscle cell
39
what is a neurotransmitter?
a chemical released by a nerve upon the arrival of a nerve impulse in the axon terminal
40
what is acetylcholine and how is it abbreviated?
the neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle (ACh)
41
what is a synaptic cleft?
the gap between nerve and muscle filled with interstitial fluid
42
do nerves and muscles make contact?
no
43
what is the only energy source that can be used to directly power muscle contraction?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
44
what are the 3 pathways to ATP regeneration?
1) direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate 2) aerobic respiration 3) anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation
45
what is the fastest method of ATP regeneration?
direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
46
where is CP stored?
muscle cells
47
how does direct phosphorylation of ADP by CP work?
1) after ATP is depleted, ADP remains 2) CP transfers a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP
48
how quickly does it take for CP to regenerate ATP?
15 seconds
49
how much ATP does 1 molecule of CP produce?
1 ATP
50
where does aerobic respiration occur?
mitochondria
51
when does aerobic respiration supply ATP?
during rest and light/moderate exercise
52
what does mitochondria use as energy sources?
1) glucose 2) fatty acids 3) amino acids
53
what does mitochondria break glucose down into and how much ATP is produced?
1) glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water 2) about 32 ATP is produced from 1 glucose molecule
54
how quickly does aerobic respiration produce ATP and what is required?
slow reaction that requires continuous delivery of oxygen and nutrients
55
what does anaerobic mean?
without oxygen
56
what is the full term for anaerobic pathway?
anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation
57
what does lactic acid do to muscles?
causes muscle soreness
58
what does anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation break down, and what does it produce?
breaks down glucose and produces pyruvic acid 1 glucose molecule = 2 ATP
59
what element causes muscle soreness?
lactic acid
60
what are suspected factors that contribule to muscle fatigue?
1) ion imbalance 2) oxygen deficit and lactic acid accumulation 3) decrease in ATP supply
61
after exercise how is oxygen deficit repaid?
rapid deep breathing
62
if muscle activity is strenuous and prolonged, what occurs?
muscle fatigue
63
what are 2 ion imbalances that can occure?
1) calcium imbalance 2) potassium imbalance
64
which type of exercise makes metabolism more efficient?
aerobic exercise
65
what type of exercise is isometric?
resistance training
66
what type of exercise is aerobic exercise?
endurance exercise
67
note the rules for determining muscle actions
1
68
on appendages, where is the insertion point usually located?
the distal side
69
on appendages, where is the origin of the muscle usually located?
on the proximal side
70
flexion =
when the angle of the joint is decreased
71
extension =
the opposite of flexion
72
what is hyperextension?
when the angle of a joint is extended beyond 180 degrees
73
what are typical joints that flexion occurs in?
1) hinge joints 2) ball and socket joints
74
rotational movement =
movement of a bone around its longitudal axis
75
what type of joint is rotation common in?
ball and socket
76
what is abduction?
movement of a limb away from the body
77
what is adduction?
movement of a limb toward the body
78
what is circumduction?
when proximal end of bone is stationary and distal end moves in circle
79
what is circumduction a combonation of?
1) flexion 2) extension 3) adduction 4) abduction
80
what type os joint is circumduction common in?
ball and socket
81
dorsiflexion =
lifting the foot so the surface is closer to the shin
82
plantar flexion =
pointing toes away from the head
83
inversion =
turning sole of foot medially
84
eversion =
turning the sole of foot laterally
85
supination =
forearm rotates laterally so palms face anteriorly
86
pronation =
forearm rotates medially so palms face posteriorly
87
opposition =
moving the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand
88
prime mover =
the muscle with the major responsibility for certain movement
89
antagonist =
the muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
90
synergist=
muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement or reduces undesireable movement
91
fixator =
they hold a bone still or stabilize the origin of a prime mover
92
what is muscle atrophy?
wasting of muscle tissue resulting in reduction of size, tone, and power
93
muscle hypertrophy =
increase in muscle size
94
how do muscles increase in size?
repetative stimulation of muscle fibers
95
what happens inside a muscle cell to make it bigger?
myofibrils and myofilaments increase in numbers thus increasing size of cell
96
what is a charley horse?
sudden involunary contraction of one or more muscles
97
what can cause charley horses?
1) dehydration 2) pregnancy 3) age 4) certain medical conditions
98
whats a grade 1 muscle strain/pull?
stretching or minor tear
99
whats a grade 2 muscle strain/pull?
partial tear
100
whats a grade 3 muscle strain/pull?
muscle ruptured
101
what causes a strain/pull?
overuse or improper use of muscle
102
what does scar tissue on muscle increase and decrease?
increases risk of reinjury and decreases range of movement
103
what is the neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle?
acetylcholine (ACh)

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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