chapter 5 (skeletal system) part one Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
what are the parts of the skeletal system?
A
1) bones
2) joints
3) cartilage
4) ligaments
2
Q
what are joints AKA?
A
atriculations
3
Q
what are the 2 subdivisions of the skeleton?
A
1) axial skeleton
2) appendicular skeleton
4
Q
what are the subdivisions of the axial skeleton?
A
1) skull
2) vertibral column
3) thoracic cage
5
Q
what are the subdivisions of the appendicular skeleton?
A
1) shoulder bones
2) hip bones
3) upper extremities
4) lower extremities
6
Q
what are the functions of bones?
A
1) support body
2) protect soft organs
3) attached skeletal muscles allow movement
4) store minerals and fats
5) blood cell formation
7
Q
what part of bones is fat stored in?
A
internal marrow cavity
8
Q
how many bones does an adult skeleton have?
A
206
9
Q
what are the 2 basic osseous tissues?
A
1) compact bone
2) spongy bone
10
Q
what are the 4 bone shape classifications?
A
1) long
2) flat
3) short
4) irregular
11
Q
where are the long bones in the body?
A
all limb bones except wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones
12
Q
what are sesamoid bones?
A
1) a type of short bone that forms within tendons
2) found in the knees, hands, and feet
13
Q
what is the diaphysis?
A
the shaft section of long bones
14
Q
what type of bone tissue is the diaphysis made of?
A
compact bone tissue
15
Q
what is the periosteum?
A
a fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers bones (except joints)
16
Q
what are sharpey’s fibers?
A
fibers that secure periosteum to bones
17
Q
what is endosteum?
A
membrane that lines the inner surface of long bones
18
Q
what is epiphysis?
A
the ends of longbones
19
Q
what is aticular cartilage?
A
hyaline cartilage
20
Q
what is the function of articular cartilage?
A
decreases friction in joints
21
Q
what is an epiphyseal line?
A
remnant of the epiphyseal plate
only seen in adults
22
Q
what is a epiphyseal plate?
A
a growth plate found in growing bones between the diaphysis and epiphysis
23
Q
what is the epiphyseal plate made of?
A
hyaline cartilage
24
Q
what basic tissue is the endosteum made of?
A
connective tissue
25
what is the medullary cavity?
the cavity inside long bone shafts that contains bone marrow
26
what type of bone marrow does the medullary cavity house?
1) from birth to age 6 or 7 it contains red marrow for blood cell formation
2) in adults it is yellow(mostly fat)
27
what are the functions of bone markings?
1) sites of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
2) passages for nerve and blood vessels
3) articulation sites for interaction with other bones
28
what are the 2 catagories of bone markings?
1) projections or processes
2) depressions or cavities
29
what is an osteon?
wheeel shaped systems within a bone with a central canal at the center
30
what are lamellae?
individual rings within the osteon
31
what is a perforating canal?
they connect central canals together and allow arteries, veins, and nerves to travel throughout bone and medullary cavity
32
what are osteons AKA?
haversian systems
33
what are lacunae?
cavities in matrix that house cells
34
what are central canals?
theyre the canals located at the center of osteons. they carry blood vessels and nerves.
35
what are the functions of collagen fibers of the bone?
1) give bone great tensile strength
2) make bone flexible
36
what is the function of calcium salt deposits in the bone?
makes bone hard and resist compression
37
what controls bone growth?
hormones:
1) growth hormones
2) sex hormones
38
what is a fracture?
broken bone
39
what are the 2 types of bone fracture?
1) closed (simple) fractures
2) open (compound) fractures
40
what is a closed (simple) fracture?
a broken bone that has not penetrated the skin
41
what is an open (compound ) fracture?
a broken bone that has penetrated the skin
42
how are bone fractures treated?
reduction and immobilization
43
what is closed reduction?
when bones are manually coaxed into position with physicians hands
44
what is open reduction?
when bones are secured with pins or wires during surgery
45
what is the average bone fracture healing time?
6-8 weeks
46
what are the 4 stages of bone repair?
1) hematoma
2) formation of fibrocartilage callus
3) fibrocartilage callus replaced with bony callus
4) bone remodelling occurs
47
what are the 3 sections of axial skeleton?
1) skull
2) vertebral column
3) bony thorax
48
what are the 2 subdivisions of skull bones?
1) cranial bones
2) facial bones
49
what is the function of facial bones?
1) hold eyes
2) allow facial muscles to express feelings
50
what are skull bones joined by?
sutures
51
what is the only bone in the skull attached by moveable joints?
the mandible
52
what are the names of the 8 cranial bones that protect the brain?
- frontal bone
- occipital bone
- ethmoid bone
- sphenoid bone
- parietal bones (x2)
- temporal bones (x2)
53
what are the names of the 14 facial bones?
- maxillae (x2)
- palatine bones (x2)
- lacrimal bones(x2)
- zygomatic bones (x2)
- nasal bones (2)
- vomer bone
- inferior nasal conchae (x2)
- mandible
54
what are the paranasal sinuses?
hollow portions of bones surrounding nasal cavity
55
what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
1) lighten skull
2) amplify sounds made as we speak
56
what are the names of the paranasal sinuses?
1) frontal sinus
2) ethmoid sinus
3) sphenoidal sinus
4) maxillary sinus
57
what is the hyoid bone?
horseshoe shaped bone in the neck
(only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone)
58
what are the functions of the hyoid bone?
1) moving base for tongue
2) aids in swallowing and speech
59
how many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
what are the names of the different sections of vertebral column?
how many vertebrae in each section?
- 26 vertebrae in total
- sections of vertebral column:
1) cervical - 7 vertebrae
2) thoracic - 12 vertebrae
3) lumbar - 5 vertebrae
4) sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae
5) coccyx - 3-5 fused vertebrae
60
what is the atlas vertebra?
the top cervical vertebra
61
what is the axis vertebra?
the vertebra located directly under the atlas vertebra
62
what is the primary curvature?
1) spinal curvature of thoracic and sacral regions (C-shaped in newborns)
2) present from birth
63
what is the secondary curvature?
1) spinal curvature of cervical and lumbar regions (S- shaped in adults)
2) developes after birth
64
what about the atlas and axis is unique?
1) atlas- has no body
2) axis has dens on body
65
how can you identify a vertebra from the cervical region?
1) the spinous process protrudes more horizontally
2) these vertebrae have transverse foramen
66
how do you identify a vertebra from the thoracic region?
the spinous process protrudes more downward
67
how do you identify a vertebra from the lumbar region?
the spinous process is shorter and thicker
68
what 3 parts does the thoracic cage consist of?
1) sternum
2) ribs
3) thoracic vertebrae
69
what are the 3 types of ribs in the ribcage and how many does each region contain?
1) true ribs (rib pairs 1-7)
2) false ribs (rib pairs 8-12)
3) floating ribs (pairs 11 and 12)
70
what is the function of the thoracic cage?
protect organs in the thoracic cavity
71
what is costal cartilage?
the hyaline cartilage between ribs and sternum
72
how many bones are there in the appendicular skeleton?
126
73
what is the pectoral girdle aka?
shoulder girdle
74
what are the bones in the pectoral girdle?
1) clavicle
2) scapula
75
what are the pros and cons of the pectoral girdle?
pro: great flexibility
con: poorly reinforced
76
name the carpal bones in the proximal row (lateral to medial):
1) scaphoid
2) lunate
3) triquetrum
4) pisiform
77
name the carpal bones in the distal row (lateral to medial):
1) trapezium
2) trapezoid
3) capitate
4) hamate
78
what bones does the adult pelvic girdle contain?
2 coxal bones
79
what are coxal bones AKA?
os coxae
80
the coxal bones are made of what 3 fused fetal bones?
1) ilium
2) ischium
3) pubis
81
what organs are protected by the pelvis?
1) reproductive organs
2) urinary bladder
3) part of the large intestine
82
what is the heaviest and strongest bone in the body?
femur
83
what part of the coxal bone does the femur head articulate with?
the acetabulum
84
what bone in the lower leg does the femur articulate with?
the tibia
85
how many tarsal bones are there in each foot?
7
86
how many metatarsals are there in each foot?
5
87
how many phalanges are there in each foot?
14
88
what are the largest tarsal bones?
1) calcaneous
2) talus
89
what is the mnemonic for the tarsals?
3 cute cubs need tender care
90
name the tarsal bones in order:
1) medial cufeiform
2) intermediate cuneiform
3) lateral cuneiform
4) cuboid
5) navicular
6) talus
7) calcaneus
91
joints are articulations that occur when?
when 2 or more bones meet
92
what are the functions of joints?
1) hold bones together
2) allow for mobility
93
what are the two ways joints are classified?
1) functionally
2) structurally
94
what are the structural joints?
1) fibrous joints
2) cartilaginous joints
3) synovial joints
95
what are the functional joints?
1) synarthroses
2) amphiarthroses
3) diarthroses
96
generally immovable structural joints:
fibrous joints
97
generally immovable or slightly movable structural joints
cartilaginous joints
98
freely movable structural joints
synovial joints
99
immovable functional joints
synarthroses
100
slightly movable structural joints
amphiarthroses
101
freely movable functional joints
diarthroses
102
what are the types of fibrous joints?
1) sutures
2) syndesmoses
3) gomphoses
103
types of cartilaginous joints
1) synchondrosis
2) symphysis
104
what is a tendon sheath?
elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
105
name the 6 types of synovial joints:
1) plane joint
2) hinge joint
3) pivot joint
4) condylar joint
5) saddle joint
6) ball and socket joint
106
where is the only saddle joint in the human body?
the thumb
107
what are long bones in a fetus made of?
hyaline cartilage
108
what are flat bones in fetal skulls?
they are fibrous membranes
109
what are fetal skull soft spots called?
fotanels
110
what is osteoporosis?
bone thinning disease that makes bones fragile and easily fractured
111
who is afflicted by osteoporosis?
50% of women over age 65
20% of men over age 70
112
what can impact or prevent osteoporosis?
1) physical activity
2) nutrition
3) estrogen aids in female skeletal density and health
113
what is kyphosis?
also known as dowagers hump is caused by vertebral collapse
