chapter 14 digestive system

Question 1

what are the functions of the digestive system?

Answer 1

1) secretion
2) digestion
3) absorption
4) elimination

Question 2

the digestive systems function of secretion :

Answer 2

digestive system secretes mucin, acid, bile, and other digestive enzymes

Question 3

the digestive systems function of digestion :

Answer 3

the digestive system breaks food down into smaller substances mechanically and chemically (with enzymes)

Question 4

the digestive systems function of absorption :

Answer 4

the digestive system obsorbs molecules into the blood and lymph through GI tract epithelium

Question 5

the digestive system of elimination is :

Answer 5

defication of indigestible materials

Question 6

what does the digestive system break carbohydrates into?

Answer 6

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Question 7

what does the digestive system break proteins down into?

Answer 7

amino acids

Question 8

what does the digestive system break fats down into?

Answer 8

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 9

what is bolus?

Answer 9

food mixed with saliva

Question 10

what does the stomach convert bolus into?

Answer 10

chyme

Question 11

ingestion =

Answer 11

the introduction of materials into the mouth

Question 12

motility =

Answer 12

voluntary/involuntary contractions that mix and move materials through the gastrointestinal tract

Question 13

mixing =

Answer 13

the churning movements in the small intestine that disperses ingested materials and combines them with digestive secretions

Question 14

peristalsis =

Answer 14

ripple-like wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move further along the GI tract

Question 15

what are the functions of the salivary glands?

Answer 15

to lubricate, cleanse, and moisten structures of the oral cavity

Question 16

what 2 types of secretory cells are found in the salivary glands and what do they secrete?

Answer 16

mucous cells- secrete mucin.

serous cells- secrete fluid with ions, lysozyme, and salivary amylase

Question 17

what does mucin form when hydrated?

Answer 17

mucous

Question 18

what are the 4 tunics of the GI tract?

(basic pattern)

(deep to superficial)

Answer 18

1) mucosa
2) submucosa
3) muscularis
4) serosa or adventitia

Question 19

what is the connective tissue membrane that wraps around the serosa in the GI tract?

Answer 19

mesentary

Question 20

what are the layers in the mucosa tunic in the GI tract?

(deep to super)

Answer 20

1) endothelium
2) lamina propria
3) muscularis mucosae

Question 21

what are the 2 layers in the muscularis tunic of the GI tract?

Answer 21

1) inner circular layer
2) outter longitudinal layer

Question 22

what is the submucosa of the GI tract composed of?

Answer 22

1) connective tissue
2) lymphatic ducts
3) mucin
4) blood vessels
5) nerves

Question 23

where is the submucosal nerve plexus located?

Answer 23

in the submucosa of the GI tract

Question 24

what does each layer of the muscularis do?

Answer 24

inner circular layer - constricts the lumen and forms sphincters

outter longitudinal layer - shortens the tube

Question 25

what is located between the 2 layers of muscle in the muscularis?

Answer 25

myenteric nerve plexus

Question 26

how is adventitia and serosa similar and how are they different?

Answer 26

theyre both areolar CT w/ collagen and elastic fibers serosa is covered with visceral peritoneum and adventitia is not

Question 27

what are the sphincters in the esophagus? what type of muscle is each one made of? where are they located?

Answer 27

1) superior esophageal sphincter - is made of skeletal muscle - top of esophagus 2) inferior esophageal sphincter - made of smooth muscle - located at the bottom of esophagus

Question 28

what does the superior esophageal sphincter do during inhalation?

Answer 28

closes to prevent air entry into esophagus

Question 29

which quadrant is the stomach located in?

Answer 29

upper left quadrant

Question 30

what does the stomach turn bolus into?

Answer 30

chyme

Question 31

what does the rate of passage through the stomach depend on?

Answer 31

depends on food contents lipids pass slower and liquids pass through more quickly

Question 32

specialized cells in the stomach secrete what?

Answer 32

1) mucous 2) HCI 3) enzymes 4) hormones

Question 33

what are the names of the 3 layers of smooth muscle located in the wall of the stomach? (deep to super)

Answer 33

1) oblique layer 2) circular layer 3) longitudinal layer

Question 34

what are gastric folds AKA?

Answer 34

rugae

Question 35

what are the names of the cells in the stomach?

Answer 35

1) surface mucous cells 2) mucous neck cells 3) parietal cells 4) cheif cells 5) enteroendocrine cells

Question 36

what are the 3 sections of the small intestine? (upstream to downstream)

Answer 36

1) duodenum 2) jejunum 3) ileum

Question 37

what are intestinal villi?

Answer 37

projections on the circular folds of the small intestine. they absorb nutrients

Question 38

what are the 4 layers of tunic in the small intestine? (deep to super)

Answer 38

1) mucosa 2) submucosa 3) muscularis 4) serosa

Question 39

what does the epithelium with microvilli in the small intestine do?

Answer 39

absorb nutriunts

Question 40

what do goblet cells produce?

Answer 40

mucous

Question 41

what are the sections of the colon? | (upstream to downstream)

Answer 41

1) ascending colon 2) transverse colon 3) descending colon 4) sigmoid colon

Question 42

what is the name of the first section of the large intestine after the small intestine?

Answer 42

the cecum

Question 43

what are the names of the final 2 sections of large intestine following the colon?

Answer 43

1) rectum 2) anal canal

Question 44

what is the energy value of food measured in?

Answer 44

kilocalories(Kcal) or calories (C)

Question 45

foods are oxidized and turned into fuel called what?

Answer 45

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 46

ATP =

Answer 46

the chemical energy that drives cellular activities

Question 47

nutrient =

Answer 47

a substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair

Question 48

major nutrients =

Answer 48

1) carbohydrates 2) lipids 3) proteins 4) water

Question 49

minor nutrients =

Answer 49

1) vitamins 2) minerals

Question 50

what are the mechanisms that may regulate food intake?

Answer 50

1) nutrient levels in blood 2) hormones 3) body temp 4) psychological factors

Question 51

how many kcal per gram does cabs have?

Answer 51

4 kcal / gram

Question 52

how many kcal per gram do fats yield?

Answer 52

9 kcal/gram

Question 53

how many kcal per gram does alcohol have?

Answer 53

7 kcal/gram

Question 54

BMR =

Answer 54

basic metabolic rate. the number of calories needed to keep your body functioning at rest

Question 55

what is the average bmr for an average adult?

Answer 55

the average 154 lb adult needs 60-72 kcal/hour

Question 56

TMR =

Answer 56

total metabolic rate the total amount of kilocalories the body must consume to fuel ongoing activities

Question 57

gastroenteritis =

Answer 57

inflammation of the GI tract | (this can happen anytime)

Question 58

appendicitis =

Answer 58

inflammation of the appendix | (tends to happen in adolescents)

Question 59

ulcers and gall bladder problems are more common in people of which age group?

Answer 59

middle aged individuals

Question 60

which age group is more commonly affected by obesity and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 60

later middle aged individuals

Question 61

activity of the digestive tract in old age :

Answer 61

1) fewer digestive juices 2) peristalsis slows 3) diverticulosis and GI cancers are more common