Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology > chapter 16 reproductive > Flashcards

chapter 16 reproductive Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the gonads of the male/female reproductive systems?

A

male - testes

female - ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are gametes?

A

sex cells produced by the gonads

male - sperm

female - Oocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which sex’s reproductive systems have ducts that transport gametes to the site of fertilization?

A

both male and female reproductive systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

copulation and coitus mean :

A

sexual intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the characteristics of puberty?

A

1) external sex characteristics become prominent
2) reproductive organs become functional
3) gametes mature
4) gonads secrete sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

puberty starts when the hypothalamus does what?

A

increases the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

scrotum =

A

protective skin-covered sac that provides testes with a cooler environment than body temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why must testes be cooler than body temp? how much cooler must they be?

A

sperm developes successfully at 2 to 3 degrees C cooler than body temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

raphe =

A

midline ridge on the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

dartos muscle =

A

layer of smooth muscle that is part of the wall of the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the ducts in the male reproductive system from testes to penis?

A

1) rete testis
2) efferent ductules
3) epididymus
4) ductus deferens
5) ejaculatory duct
6) urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is seminal fluid and what is its function?

A

fluid that mixes with sperm.

they nourish sperm and neutralize vaginal acidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 3 glands that secrete seminal fluid?

A

1) seminal vesicles
2) prostate gland
3) bulbourethral gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do seminal vesicles secrete?

A

viscous, whitish-yellow, alkaline fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does the prostate gland secrete?

A

fluid slightly acidic that contains mucin, citric acid, seminalplasmin, and prostatic specific antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

prostatic-specific antigen =

A

PSA- enzyme that helps liquify semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do bulbourethral glands secrete?

A

clear, viscous mucin that lubricates the urethra prior to ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the function of seminalplasmin?

A

antibacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is semen?

A

seminal fluid from the 3 accessory glands combined with sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

semen released during intercourse is called what?

A

ejaculate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ejaculate usually measures _____ and contains how much sperm?

A

measures about 3-5 mL and contain 200-500 million sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what forms the external genitalia in males?

A

the penis and scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

root of penis =

A

internal portion of penis made of bulb and crura of penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the body of the penis?

A

the elongated (shaft) portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
glans =
head of penis
26
prepuce =
foreskin of an uncircumcised penis
27
3 parallel cylinders in the shaft of the penis are =
2 cylinders called corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum
28
what are the 2 types of cells within the seminiferous tubules?
- sustentacular cells (non dividing support cells) - dividing germ cells that continuously produce sperm beginning at puberty
29
spaces surrounding the seminiferous tubules are called what?
interstitial spaces
30
what cells reside in the interstitial space surrounding the seminiferous tubules? what do they produce?
interstitial cells, they produce androgens called testosterone
31
where does spermatogenesis occur?
in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
32
spermatogenesis =
the process in which spermatid differentiates into mature spermazoa
33
what are the parts of a spermatozoa body?
- acrosome cap over nucleus - midpiece - tail (flagellum)
34
what are the stages of cells in spermatogenesis?
- spermatogonium - primary spermatocyte - secondary spermatocyte - spermatid - spermatozoon
35
genetic sex vs. phenotypic sex =
- genetic sex refers to sex chromosomes/determined at conception - phenotypic sex refers to appearance of genitalia/ starts around week 7 of pregnancy
36
XX= XY=
XX= female XY= male
37
if sex-determining region Y gene is present, what occurs?
proteins are made that stimulate production of androgen hormones and male phenotypic developement occurs
38
when does testosterone decrease in males?
during their 50s
39
what are the primary female reproductive organs?
the ovaries
40
what are the female accessory reproductive organs?
- uterine tubes - uterus - vagina - clitoris - mammory glands
41
how large are ovaries?
about the size of almonds
42
how are ovaries secured?
theyre anchored within pelvic cavity by cords and sheets of CT
43
germinal epithelium =
simple cuboidal cells surrounding ovary
44
tunica albuginea =
CT capsule deep to the germinal epithelium
45
what sections can an ovary be subdivided into?
- ovarian cortex - ovarian medulla
46
what is contained within the cortex and medulla of an ovary?
cortex - ovarian follicles medulla - CT, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
47
how many ovarian follicles are within an ovary's cortex?
thousands
48
what does an ovarian follicle consist of?
an Oocyte surrounded by follicle cells
49
list the different stages of ovarian follicles starting at the youngest :
- primordial follicle - primary follicle - secondary follicle - antral follicle - mature follicle - corpus luteum - corpus albicans
50
ovulation =
around day 14. is a peak in luteinizing hormone secretion that causes mature follicle to swell and rupture, expelling a secondary Oocyte
51
how long are fallopian tubes?
10-12 cm
52
where are Oocytes usually fertilized?
lateral part of the fallopian tube
53
what is the infundibulum of a fallopian tube?
funnel-shaped lateral end of tube with finger-like projections called fimbiae
54
what are the 3 layers of the walls of the fallopian tubes?
- mucosa - muscularis - serosa
55
what are the functions of the uterus?
- site of implantation - supports and protects the developing embryo/fetus - eject fetus during labor
56
what are the 4 regions of the uterus?
- fundus (superior dome) - body (major part w/ thick walls) - isthmus (constricted segment between body and cervix) - cervix (narrow inferior part projecting into the vagina)
57
weakness of the pelvic floor muscle and ligament support can result in prolapse which is what?
the uterus protruding into the vagina
58
what are the layers of the walls of the uterus? (super to deep)
- perimetrium - myometrium - endometrium
59
what are the layers of the endometrium? | (deep to super)
- basal layer - functional layer
60
functional layer of the endometrium =
changes thickness during uterine cycle and is shed as menses if fertilization and implantation does not occur
61
endometriosis=
mentrual cycle debris trapped in ovaries can cause cycts. - surrounding tissue can become irritated and scar tissue can form - abnormal bands of fibrous tissue can form binding organs and pelvic tissue together - can cause extreme pain during menstrual periods and fertility problems
62
vagina =
fibromuscular tube about 10cm long that connects uterus to outside of the body
63
layers of the vaginal wall =
- inner mucosa - middle muscularis - outer adventitia
64
the female external genitalia are collectively called what?
the vulva
65
how many greater vestibular glands are in the female reproductive system?
2
66
vestibular gland function =
secrete mucin to lubricate vagina
67
vestibular glands AKA =
bartholin glands
68
mammory gland =
exocrine gland that produces and secretes milk
69
mammory glands can be subdivided into what?
lobes which can be further subdivided into lobules
70
alveroli in female breasts =
located in mammory lobules, they produce milk
71
lactiferous sinuses =
expansions of ducts as they approach the nipple
72
suspensory ligaments =
bands of CT that support breasts
73
what % of breast cancer occurs in men?
1%
74
who is at an increased risk of breast cancer?
- women who menstrate before 11 YO - women who give birth after 35 YO - women with family history of breast cancer - women with prior breast biopsies - white woman have higher rates - hispanc/african woman have increased mortality rate
75
when are self-breast exams and mammograms recommended?
women over 40 YO
76
when do women experience menopause?
40s-50s
77
what happens during menopause?
- gamete maturation stops - decrease in hormones causes atrophy of reproductive organs - increased risk of heart disease and osteoporosis
78
what is the most used contraceptive?
birth control pills
79
how do birth control pills work?
- constant supply of ovarian hormones simulate pregnancy - ovarian follicles dont mature, ovulation ceases, and menstrual flow is reduced
80
how do morning after pills work?
- taken within 3 days of unprotected intercourse - disrupts normal hormone signals to the point that fertilization does not occur
81
minipill and norplant =
tablet and rods placed under skin that causes cervical mucous to thicken
82
coitus interruptus =
withdrawal of penis prior to ejaculation
83
fertility awareness =
to avoid intercourse during period of ovulation or fertility
84
what are the barrier methods of birth control?
- diaphrams - cervical caps - condoms - spermicidal foams - gels - sponges
85
abortion =
termination of pregnancy
86
miscarriage =
spontaneous abortion which is common and frequently occurs before a woman knows she is pregnant
87
RU486 =
abortion pill that induced miscarriage during first 7 weeks of pregnancy( a follow up appointment is critical)
88

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions